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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agonistic behavior correlated with hydrocarbon phenotypes in dampwood termites,Zootermopsis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 523-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; aggression ; kin recognition ; kin discrimination ; Zootermopsis ; Isoptera ; species interactions ; cuticular hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dampwood termite genus ZootermopsisEmerson contains three recognized species with four distinct and consistent hydrocarbon phenotypes. Agonistic behaviors among nonreproductive insects from colonies of the same and different hydrocarbon phenotypes were observed in the laboratory. Various combinations of soldier versus nymphs, pseudergate versus pseudergate, and soldier versus soldier encounters were used in experimental trials. Soldiers or pseudergates seldom attack individuals of the same hydrocarbon phenotype. Z. angusticollis(Hagen) (phenotype II) is typically aggressive toward phenotype III of Z. nevadensis(Hagen) but not always aggressive against phenotype I of Z. nevadensis.The variation in response is dependent on which castes are placed in the bioassay arena: soldier versus soldier bouts result in consistent aggression, while pseudergate versus pseudergate or soldier versus nymphs contacts do not. Both pseudergates and soldiers of Z. laticeps(Banks) (phenotype IV) respond agonistically toward the other three phenotypes: Z. angusticollis (II) and Z. nevadensis(I and III). Although hydrocarbon phenotypes I and III, both Z. nevadensis,are morphologically indistinguishable, agonistic behavioral responses between phenotype I and phenotype III are not equivalent to I versus I or III versus III behavioral responses. The I versus III engagements, regardless of the castes involved, display a greater proportion of avoidance and aggressive responses than I or III intraphenotype encounters. We interpret the lack of avoidance or aggressive behavior within each of the two phenotypes of Z. nevadensisand the significant avoidance and aggressive behavior between phenotypes as definite evidence of discrimination between disparate hydrocarbon phenotypes. These agonistic bioassays along with data on distinct hydrocarbon patterns and geographic distributions serve as the basis for creating two subspecies of Z. nevadensis: Z. n. nevadensis(Hagen) and Z. n. nuttingiHaverty and Thorne, ssp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053352
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Termites of the British Virgin Islands (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 927-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; Virgin Islands ; Caribbean termites ; olefins ; methylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the termites (Isoptera) of 17 islands of the British Virgin Island (BVI) complex yielded eight taxa belonging to three families. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes mona (Banks), Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and an undetermined species of Incisitermes, likely Incisitermes nr snyderi (Light) or I. incisus (Silvestri). The only rhinotermitid collected is an undetermined species of Heterotermes (Froggatt). Parvitermes wolcotti (Snyder), Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren), and N. acajutlae (Holmgren) comprise the Termitidae. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the taxa. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes, although the species of Incisitermes were not separable on the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006381.75185.86
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbons ofNasutitermes acajutlae and comparison of methodologies for sampling cuticular hydrocarbons of caribbean termites for taxonomic and ecological studies (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2081-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nasutitermes acajutlae ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; olefins ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using data from the arboreal nestingNasutitermes acajutlae (Holmgren), we propose standard collection and extraction methodology for characterization of cuticular hydrocarbons of termites under field conditions in the tropics. Specifically, we evaluated: (1) the effect of the duration and the number of extractions; (2) the effect of drying termites before extraction; (3) the effect of sample size; (4) the effect of solvents (ethanol versus hexane) on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Olefins comprise ca. 70% of the cuticular hydrocarbons ofN. acajutlae. Hydrocarbons consist of two distinct groups: early-eluting components, primarilyn-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes, and late-eluting compounds, which consist almost exclusively of unsaturated components with one to six double bonds. Soldiers have more early-eluting compounds than workers or alates. Nests from the same island had qualitatively similar, but quantitatively dissimilar hydrocarbon mixtures. Brief extractions of 300 live workers in 10 ml of hexane for only 20 sec produced a hydrocarbon mixture equivalent to a 10-min extraction. Long-term extraction of 300 workers in hexane for two years resulted in different mixtures of hydrocarbons. Drying workers tended to enhance extraction of the less abundant unsaturated compounds such as C41.4 and C41.5. A single extraction of a minimum of 100 workers (live or dried), with hexane for 20 sec to 10 min is best; these extraction regimes resulted in mixtures of hydrocarbons that are quantitatively very similar. For quantitative comparisons, extracts from dried samples should not be compared to those from live samples. Storage in ethanol caused numerous unidentified, nonhydrocarbon compounds to be extracted either from the cuticle or from internal tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040096
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  • 4
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    Energy Partitioning Constraints at Kinetic Scales in Low- Turbulence (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Turbulence is a fundamental physical process through which energy injected into a system at large scales cascades to smaller scales. In collisionless plasmas, turbulence provides a critical mechanism for dissipating electromagnetic energy. Here we present observations of plasma fluctuations in low- turbulence using data from NASAs Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in Earths magnetosheath. We provide constraints on the partitioning of turbulent energy density in the fluid, ion-kinetic, and electron-kinetic ranges. Magnetic field fluctuations dominated the energy density spectrum throughout the fluid and ion-kinetic ranges, consistent with previous observations of turbulence in similar plasma regimes. However, at scales shorter than the electron inertial length, fluctuation power in electron kinetic energy significantly exceeded that of the magnetic field, resulting in an electron-motion-regulated cascade at small scales. This dominance should be highly relevant for the study of turbulence in highly magnetized laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
    Keywords: Physics (General)
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN55910 , Physics of Plasmas (ISSN 1070-664X) (e-ISSN 1089-7674); 25; 2; 022303
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Energy Conversion and Partition in the Asymmetric Reconnection Diffusion Region (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We investigate the energy conversion and partition in the asymmetric reconnection diffusion region using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and Magnetosphere Multiscale (MMS) mission observations. Under an upstream condition with equal temperatures in the two inflow regions, the simulation analysis indicates that the energy partition between ions and electrons depends on the distance from the X-line. Within the central electron diffusion region (EDR), nearly all dissipated electromagnetic field energies are converted to electrons. From the EDR to the ion diffusion region (IDR) scales, the rate of the electron energy gain decreases to be lower than that of ions. A magnetopause reconnection event inside the IDR observed by MMS shows comparable ion and electron energy gains, consistent with the simulation result in the transition region from EDR to IDR. At the EDR scale, the electron energization is mainly by the reconnection electric field (E(sub r)); in-plane electric fields (E(sub xz)) provide additional positive contributions near the X-line and do negative work on electrons beyond the EDR. The guide field reduces the electron energization by both E(sub r) and E(sub xz) in the EDR. For ion energization, E(sub r) and E(sub xz) have comparable contributions near the time of the peak reconnection rate, while E(sub xz) dominants at later time. At the IDR scale, the guide field causes asymmetry in the amount of the energy gain and energization mechanisms between two exhausts but does not have significant effects on energy partition. Our study advances understanding of ion and electron energization in asymmetric reconnect IDRs.
    Keywords: Physics (General)
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66022 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (ISSN 2169-9402) (e-ISSN 2169-9380); 123; 10; 8185-8205
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Spacecraft and Instrument Photoelectrons Measured by the Dual Electron Spectrometers on MMS (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Secondary electrons are continuously generated via photoemission from sunlit spacecraft and instrument surfaces. These particles can subsequently contaminate low-energy channels of electron sensors. Spacecraft photoelectrons are measured at energies below that of a positive spacecraft potential and can be removed at the expense of energy resolution. However, fluxes of photoelectrons generated inside electron instruments are independent of spacecraft potential and must be fully characterized in order to correct electron data. Here we present observations of spacecraft and instrument photoelectron populations measured with the Dual Electron Spectrometers (DES) on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We leverage observations from Earth's nightside plasma sheet taken during MMS commissioning and develop an empirical model of instrument photoelectrons. This model is used with DES velocity distribution functions to correct plasma moments and has been made publicly available on the MMS science data center for use by the scientific community.
    Keywords: Physics (General)
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN52091 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (ISSN 2169-9402) (e-ISSN 2169-9402); 122; 11; 11,548-11,558
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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