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  • 1
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    A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-19
    Description: Theropods have traditionally been assumed to have lost manual digits from the lateral side inward, which differs from the bilateral reduction pattern seen in other tetrapod groups. This unusual reduction pattern is clearly present in basal theropods, and has also been inferred in non-avian tetanurans based on identification of their three digits as the medial ones of the hand (I-II-III). This contradicts the many developmental studies indicating II-III-IV identities for the three manual digits of the only extant tetanurans, the birds. Here we report a new basal ceratosaur from the Oxfordian stage of the Jurassic period of China (156-161 million years ago), representing the first known Asian ceratosaur and the only known beaked, herbivorous Jurassic theropod. Most significantly, this taxon possesses a strongly reduced manual digit I, documenting a complex pattern of digital reduction within the Theropoda. Comparisons among theropod hands show that the three manual digits of basal tetanurans are similar in many metacarpal features to digits II-III-IV, but in phalangeal features to digits I-II-III, of more basal theropods. Given II-III-IV identities in avians, the simplest interpretation is that these identities were shared by all tetanurans. The transition to tetanurans involved complex changes in the hand including a shift in digit identities, with ceratosaurs displaying an intermediate condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Xing -- Clark, James M -- Mo, Jinyou -- Choiniere, Jonah -- Forster, Catherine A -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Hone, David W E -- Sullivan, Corwin -- Eberth, David A -- Nesbitt, Sterling -- Zhao, Qi -- Hernandez, Rene -- Jia, Cheng-kai -- Han, Feng-lu -- Guo, Yu -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 18;459(7249):940-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08124.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing 100044, China. xingxu@vip.sina.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology ; China ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Extremities/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: The fossil record of Jurassic theropod dinosaurs closely related to birds remains poor. A new theropod from the earliest Late Jurassic of western China represents the earliest diverging member of the enigmatic theropod group Alvarezsauroidea and confirms that this group is a basal member of Maniraptora, the clade containing birds and their closest theropod relatives. It extends the fossil record of Alvarezsauroidea by 63 million years and provides evidence for maniraptorans earlier in the fossil record than Archaeopteryx. The new taxon confirms extreme morphological convergence between birds and derived alvarezsauroids and illuminates incipient stages of the highly modified alvarezsaurid forelimb.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choiniere, Jonah N -- Xu, Xing -- Clark, James M -- Forster, Catherine A -- Guo, Yu -- Han, Fenglu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):571-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1182143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. jonah.choiniere@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; China ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; Forelimb/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-30
    Description: Genetic differences between Arabidopsis thaliana accessions underlie the plant's extensive phenotypic variation, and until now these have been interpreted largely in the context of the annotated reference accession Col-0. Here we report the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the genomes of 18 natural A. thaliana accessions, and their transcriptomes. When assessed on the basis of the reference annotation, one-third of protein-coding genes are predicted to be disrupted in at least one accession. However, re-annotation of each genome revealed that alternative gene models often restore coding potential. Gene expression in seedlings differed for nearly half of expressed genes and was frequently associated with cis variants within 5 kilobases, as were intron retention alternative splicing events. Sequence and expression variation is most pronounced in genes that respond to the biotic environment. Our data further promote evolutionary and functional studies in A. thaliana, especially the MAGIC genetic reference population descended from these accessions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gan, Xiangchao -- Stegle, Oliver -- Behr, Jonas -- Steffen, Joshua G -- Drewe, Philipp -- Hildebrand, Katie L -- Lyngsoe, Rune -- Schultheiss, Sebastian J -- Osborne, Edward J -- Sreedharan, Vipin T -- Kahles, Andre -- Bohnert, Regina -- Jean, Geraldine -- Derwent, Paul -- Kersey, Paul -- Belfield, Eric J -- Harberd, Nicholas P -- Kemen, Eric -- Toomajian, Christopher -- Kover, Paula X -- Clark, Richard M -- Ratsch, Gunnar -- Mott, Richard -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/D016029/2/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F019793/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F020759/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F022697/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 28;477(7365):419-23. doi: 10.1038/nature10414.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/classification/*genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Genomics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; INDEL Mutation/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Proteome/genetics ; Seedlings/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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