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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Insect Physiology 27 (1981), S. 41-45 
    ISSN: 0022-1910
    Keywords: Phonotaxis ; acoustic behaviour ; crickets ; neuroethology ; steering behaviour
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phytoseiidae ; symbiosis ; incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wolbachia infection in arthropods may cause incompatibility between uninfected females and infected males, but infected females can reproduce with both infected and uninfected males, theoretically increasing the proportion of infected individuals in a polymorphic population. To determine whether the proportion of Wolbachia-infected Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a polymorphic population would increase over time, three populations were initiated with 10% infected and 90% cured eggs and monitored for 12 generations. Wolbachia infection did not spread rapidly through the populations. Imperfect transmission rates and fitness costs were detected that could prevent the rapid spread of this Wolbachia. Thus this Wolbachia may not be useful as a drive mechanism for inserting useful genes into field populations of M. occidentalis.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause ; genetic improvement ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; Acari ; glasshouse ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'un programme destiné à évaluer la valeur du prédateur, Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt pour lutter contre Tetranychus urticae Koch sur roses dans les serres de Berkeley (California) nous avons comparé chez deux souches le comportement lié à la diapause. Une souche a une diapause normale, l'autre a été sélectionnée génétiquement pour son absence de diapause. Les adultes avec diapause normale recherchent des abris sur un dispositif expérimental conçu à partir d'un pied de haricot. Les femelles perdant l'aptitude à la diapause ainsique celles de la souche normale soumise à une longue photophase ont tendance à se disperser par voie aérienne à partir du dispositif expérimental, surtout quand les proies sont rares. Les femelles de M. occidentalis aptes à la diapause élevées aux environs de la photophase critique (11.2h) avec des températures variant entre 17°5 et 24°5 pendant le nyctémère réagissent en fonction de la disponibilité en proies: quand les proies manquent, les prédateurs ont plus tendance à entrer en diapause que quand les proies sont abondantes. Avec une longue photopériode, les femelles à jeûn abandonnent le système expérimental, (probablement par dispersion aérienne) et les femelles fécondées se dispersent plus facilement que les mâles et les femelles vierges. Aucune différence dans la tendance à la dispersion aérienne n'a été observée aux courtes photophases. La dispersion aérienne des femelles adultes s'est produite à des vitesses de 1.5 m/sec.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause behaviou of two strains of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was compared as part of a project to evaluate this predator as a control agent for Tetranychus urticae Koch on roses in greenhouses in Berkeley, California. One strain had a normal diapause and the other had been genetically selected for ‘non-diapause.’ Predators in diapause sought shelters on a simple bean plant test system. Females lacking the ability to diapause and the normal strain under long photophases tended to disperse aerially from the bean plant systems, particularly when prey were scarce. M. occidentalis females with the capacity to diapause reared near the critical photophase (11.2h) at fluctuating temperatures of 17.5 to 24.5°C within a 24 h period were influenced by the availability of prey: if prey were lacking, predators were more likely to enter diapause than if prey were abundant. Starved females left the plant system, probably through aerial dispersal, and mated females dispersed more readily than males and virgin females under long daylengths. No differences in aerial dispersal tendency were observed at short photophases. Aerial dispersal of adult females occurred at air speeds of ca. 1.5 m/s.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aerial dispersal ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; Acarina ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; spider mites ; pesticide resistance ; almonds ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; carbaryl ; western predatory mite ; European red mite ; two-spotted spider mite ; Pacific mite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dispersion aérienne du phytoseïdae, M. occidentalis (Nesbitt), a été estimée comme élément de la lutte contre les populations résistantes aux insecticides établies dans les vergers de Californie. La dispersion maximale s'est produite fin juillet et début a oût en 1982 et 1983. La plupart des prédateurs (et des acariens) quittent les vergers avec les vents dominants du nordouest. Dans le verger, les vents dominants sont moins importants et la dispersion est généralement au hasard. Tant les acariens que les prédateurs se dispersaient au hasard par rapport à la taille des amandiers, mais les relevés sur 24 heures laissent supposer qu'il n'y a pas une distribution aléatoire pendant la journée. La plupart des mouvements aériens se produisirent entre 16 et 22 heures quand HR et vitesse du vent augmentaient et température diminuait. Les acariens et prédateurs ont été piégés sur des panneaux à 200 m du verger.
    Notes: Abstract Aerial dispersal of the phytoseiid Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was evaluated as a component in managing pesticide-resistant populations established in California almond orchards. Peak dispersal occurred in late July and early August during 1982 and 1983. Most predators (and spider mites) left the orchards on the prevailing winds from the northwest. Within the orchard, the prevailing winds had less influence, and dispersal was usually random. Both spider mites and predators dispersed randomly with regard to height from the almond trees, but data obtained during one 24-h interval suggest they do not disperse randomly throughout the day. Most aerial movements occurred between 16–22 h when relative humidity and wind speeds increased and temperatures decreased. Spider mites and predators were trapped on panels located 200 m from the orchard. A survey of carbaryl resistance levels in M. occidentalis collected from almond orchards surrounding the release sites indicates that carbaryl-resistant M. occidentalis dispersed at least 800 m between 1981–83. However, growers wishing to use the resistant strains should release them in their orchards as natural dispersal appears to be too slow. Migration of native M. occidentalis into the release sites appeared to be sufficiently rare that dilution of carbaryl-resistant populations was minimal during a 2–4 year period.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Neuroethology ; Crickets ; Communication ; Phonotaxis ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Temperature effects on calling song production and recognition were investigated in the North American field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Temporal parameters of field-recorded G. firmus calling song are strongly affected by temperature. Chirp rate and syllable rate increase, by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, as linear functions of temperature over the range in which these animals sing in the field (12°–30 °C). Temperature affects syllable duration to a lesser extent, and does not influence calling song carrier frequency. Female phonotactic preference, measured on a spherical treadmill in the laboratory, also changes with temperature such that warmer females prefer songs with faster chirp and syllable rates. Best phonotaxis, measured as accuracy of orientation to the sound source, and highest walking velocity, occur in response to temperature-matched songs at 15°, 21°, and 30 °C. Experiments under semi-natural conditions in an outdoor arena revealed that females perform phonotaxis at temperatures as low as 13 °C. Taken together, the song and phonotaxis data demonstrate that this communication system is temperature coupled. A strategy is outlined by which temperature coupling may be exploited to test hypotheses about the organization of neural networks subserving song recognition.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Neuroethology ; Crickets ; Communication ; Phonotaxis ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acoustic communication in Gryllus firmus is temperature-coupled: temperature induces parallel changes in male calling song temporal pattern, and in female preference for song. Temperature effects on song production and recognition networks were localized by selectively warming head or thorax or both head and thorax of intact crickets, then eliciting aggression song production (males) or phonotaxis to synthetic calling song (females). Because male song is produced by a thoracic central pattern generator (CPG), and because head ganglia are necessary for female song recognition, measurements of female phonotaxis under such conditions may be used to test the following competing hypotheses about organization of the song recognition network: 1. A set of neurons homologous to the male song CPG exist in the female, and are used as a template that determines preferred values of song temporal parameters for song pattern recognition (the common neural elements hypothesis), and 2. temporal pattern preference is determined entirely within the head ganglia. Neither selective warming of the head nor of the thorax was effective in changing female song preference, but simultaneous warming of head and thorax shifted preference toward a faster song in most preparations, as did warming the whole animal by raising ambient temperature. These results suggest that phonotactic preference for song temporal pattern is plurisegmentally determined in field crickets. Selective wanning experiments during aggression song production in males revealed that syllable period is influenced but not completely determined by thoracic temperature; head temperature is irrelevant. The song CPG appears to receive some rate-setting information from outside the thoracic central nervous system.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Cassava green mite ; Phytoseiidae ; Euseius fustis ; aestival diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoperiod and temperature conditions known to induce diapause in tropical arthropods were tested on two generations (G0 and G1) of the phytoseiid, Euseius fustis. Failure to lay eggs or a pre-oviposition period longer than 15 days were the criteria used to determine whether females were in diapause. Females reared from egg to adult and held throughout adult life under cyclic temperatures of 29/20°C in combination with long photophases of 16L: 8D and 14L: 10D showed no indication of aestival diapause. Similarly, hibernal diapause was not induced in females reared under a constant temperature of 18°C and a photophase of 8L: 16D. Under the various test conditions, females initiated oviposition within an average of 4 days. Overall, pre-oviposition patterns for G0 and G1 females were similar under the same test conditions. Reproductive patterns based on the mean number of eggs per female per day varied only slightly between generations for the same treatments. No behavioural or morphological attributes associated with diapause were observed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: RAPD-PCR ; Phytoseiidae ; species discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) banding patterns obtained from four laboratory cultures representing three phytoseiid mite species (Typhlodromalus limonicus (Garman and McGregor), two cultures of Typhlodromalus manihoti (de Moraes) and Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus (McMurtry and de Moraes). The RAPD-PCR was conducted on the pooled DNA from five adult female mites. For each culture, three samples of five females were analysed with each of eight RAPD-PCR primers. Five of the eight primers could be used individually to distinguish the species. To quantify the within- and between-species variation, genetic distances were calculated based on the proportion of shared scorable bands. The within-species genetic distances (0.072-0.186) were much lower than the between-species genetic distances (0.407-0.656). We believe that this technique could be used effectively to identify other cryptic mite species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Amblyseius (Euseius) finlandicus ; Phytoseiidae ; genetic improvement ; pesticide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) was selected in the laboratory for resistance to azinphosmethyl and dimethoate by subjecting adult females to increasing concentrations of dried residues of dimethoate and azinphosmethyl on detached bean leaves. The first eight selections were done with dimethoate. Slide-dip bioassays indicated selection with dimethoate increased dimethoate resistance 1.8-fold and azinphosmethyl resistance 2.6-fold. These resistances appeared to be quite stable: a 1.2 to 1.3-fold decrease in resistance ratios was observed in a subculture after 10 months without selections. No decrease was observed after 9 months without selections in a pooled colony that consisted of both resistant and susceptible mites. The dimethoate-selected colony was subsequently selected eight times with azinphosmethyl. About 15 % of the mites survived the last selection round with 2,500 ppm, which is 2.5 times the highest recommended field rate in Finnish apple orchards. At the end of the selection program, based on slide-dip bioassays, the total increase in resistance to dimethoate was about two-fold and to azinphosmethyl about 5.4-fold compared to the unselected base colony from which the selected colony was derived. The LC50 value for azinphosmethyl was 14 times higher in the selected colony (451.3 ppm a.i.) compared to the most susceptible colony tested. A similar level of resistance to both pesticides was achieved after six azinphosmethyl selections on a mixed colony that was initiated by pooling mites from five field-collected colonies and the dimethoate-selected lines. Year-to-year variation in azinphosmethyl LC50 values of the unselected base colony was high, with values varying from 83.8 to 348.7 ppm a.i., demonstrating the need to test a reference strain in each bioassay. Results of the azinphosmethyl selections and the subsequent slide-dip bioassays suggest that the resistant strain could tolerate field rates of azinphosmethyl (300–950 ppm a.i.) used in Finnish apple orchards.
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