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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of selected triorganotin(IV) compounds on leaves against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler isolated from black pepper and cocoa (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; fungitoxicity ; Phytophthora ; pepper ; cocoa ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several triorganotin(IV) compounds and Terrazole® 35 WP were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against three isolates of Phytophthora palmivora. Two isolates (isolates Phy. 2 and Phy. 334) were obtained from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and one isolate (isolate Phy. 56) from cocoa leaves (Cacao theobromae). ED50 values for radial growth of the isolates ranged from 0.09 to 1,700 μg cm-3 for the triorganotin(IV) compounds and from 3.46 to 1 227 000 μg cm-3 for Terrazole®. Diphenylbutyltin bromide exhibited the highest antifungal activity against the three isolates of P. palmivora with ED50 values ranging from 0.30 to 0.73 μg cm-3.Diphenylbutyltin bromide was equally effective against a freshly isolated virulent culture of P. palmivora (isolate Phy. 346) from black pepper leaves in Sarawak, East Malaysia, yielding an ED50 value for radial growth of 0.87 μg cm-3 and a probit-log concentration regression line slope value of 1.04. In vitro efficacy of diphenylbutyltin bromide against isolate Phy. 346 using detached healthy pepper leaves showed 40-75% infection of leaves at 100 μg cm-3 and no infection at 500 μg cm-3. Diphenylbutyltin bromide at 100 μg cm-3, however, inhibited the diameter of lesion by 43.3-73.7% compared with the untreated controls. Black pepper leaves treated with Terrazole® at 778 μg cm-3 exhibited 5.3-33.3% inhibition of lesion diameter compared with the untreated controls, where 90-100% of the leaves were infected. Concentrations of diphenylbutyltin bromide of 1000-2500 μg cm-3 caused some injury lesions on the leaves. From the results obtained, it appears that diphenylbutyltin bromide could be used as a protective spray or drench against P. palmivora infection of black pepper at 100-500 μg cm-3.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590030307
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in fungal and bacterial populations in soil treated with two triorganotin(IV) compounds (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 309-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; diphenylbutyltin bromide ; triphenyltin chloride·triphenylphosphine oxide ; soil bacteria ; soil fungi ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of two triorganotin(IV) compounds, diphenylbutyltin bromide (Ph2BuSnBr) and triphenyltin chloride·triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO), on soil bacterial and fungal populations were compared with that of Thiram and the commercial triorganotin fungicide ‘Brestan’ (triphenyltin acetate, Ph3SnOAc). Soil fungal populations were reduced most by Thiram, then by Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO, Ph2BuSnBr and Ph3SnOAc, in that order. Following the application of the compounds, there was a marked increase in the bacterial population in soil, the increase being greatest with Thiram and least with Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO. The triorganotin(IV) compounds were less harmful to soil fungi than Thiram. In Thiram-treated soil, recolonization was slower than in soil treated with the triorganotin(IV) compounds. More species of fungi were tolerant to and persisted after application of the triorganotin(IV) compounds compared with Thiram. Among the fungi that were tolerant to the triorganotin(IV) compounds were cellulolytic species such as Trichoderma.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590030404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of six triorganotin(IV) compounds on nitrification and ammonification in soil (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 319-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; soil nitrification ; soil ammonification ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of six triorganotin(IV) compounds and of Thiram on nitrification and ammonification in soil were investigated. Low concentrations of up to 50 μg g-1 of the triorganotin(IV) compounds enhanced nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) production in soil. Except for diphenylbutyltin bromide, which inhibited nitrification at 250 μg g-1, the other triorganotin(IV) compounds were inhibitory at concentrations of 100 μg g-1 to less than 250 μg g-1. At 10 μg g-1, only triphenyltin acetate was less inhibitory towards nitrification compared with Thiram. At 250 μg g-1, Thiram exerted a strongly persistent inhibitory effect towards nitrification. The NO3--N level recorded 28 days after application was only 0.10 μg g-1 soil. With the triorganotin compounds NO3--N levels of 7.05-12.06 μg g-1 soil were recorded 28 days following their application. The deleterious effects of the triorganotin(IV) compounds were less persistent and recovery of nitrification was evident seven days after application. Low concentrations of Thiram and triorganotin(IV) compounds inhibited ammonification, whereas higher concentrations enhanced ammonification. Complete inhibition of ammonification was attained 21-28 days after application of Thiram at 50 μg g-1. On the other hand, with the triorganotin(IV) compounds, except for diphenylbutyltin bromide at 10-50 μg g-1, ammonification persisted at all concentrations 28 days after application.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590030405
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