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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of the Trichoderma reesei pyrG gene and its use as a homologous marker for a high-frequency transformation system (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Homologous transformation ; pyrG ; Vector integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Trichoderma reesei orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase gene was isolated by heterologous hybridization with the corresponding Neurospora gene as a probe. A 2.7 kb SalI fragment, which exclusively hybridized to the Neurospora gene, was subcloned in pGEM-5Zf(+). This subclone was termed pFG1 and was used to transform a Trichoderma reesei pyrG- negative mutant to PYR+. The transformation frequency in this homologous system was up to 12000 transformants per μg DNA. About one-fifth of the transformants tested were abortive. Perfect mitotic stability was found in half of the non-abortive transformants, correlating with vector integration at homologous and ectopic loci. In the unstable transformants the transforming DNA appears to be present in the form of extrachromosomal elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309915
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence, transcription and translation of cellobiohydrolase genes in several Trichoderma species (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Cellobiohydrolase genes ; Cellulase formation ; Trichoderma sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eight different species of Trichoderma (T. virgatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, T. polysporum, T. koningii, T. todica, T. saturnisporum), and three strains of T. reesei [QM 6a (wildtype), QM 9123 and QM 9414 (derived mutants)] were found to contain single copies of the cellobiohydrolase genes cbh1 and cbh2 in their genome. This was demonstrated by hybridization of the respective chromosomal DNAs with the corresponding gene fragments of T. reesei QM 9414. According to the relative position of cbh1 and cbh2 in Southern blots, T. harzianum, T. virgatum and T. saturnisporum were clearly distinguishable as unique species. Despite the presence of both cbh genes, these species did not form detectable cellobiohydrolase (CBH) I or II, or exhibit any cellulase activity. All other taxa were identical with respect to the genomic position of cbh1, formed two groups with respect to the position of cbh2, and produced varying amounts of CBH I and II. In all cases CBH I and II production correlated with the relative amount of cbh1- and cbh2-mRNA found. This was particularly true for the three strains of T. reesei, which secreted different amounts of CBH I and II, their efficiency to transcribe cbh1 and cbh2 having been increased as a result of mutation for higher cellulase production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318651
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of Trichoderma reesei based on hygromycin B resistance using homologous expression signals (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 567-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Transformation ; Hygromycin B ; Hygromycin B phosphotransferase ; Pyruvate Kinase ; Promoter ; Terminator ; Dominant selection marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma reesei was transformed to hygromycin B resistance using a novel vector, which contains the E. coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) fused between promoter and terminator elements of the homologous Trichoderma pkil (coding for pyruvate kinase) and cbh2 (coding for cellobiohydrolase II) genes, respectively. Transformation frequencies of over 1800–2500 transformants/μg DNA were obtained, which is a 15–20-fold increase over that with pAN7-1, which contains hph between A. nidulans expression signals. Mitotically-stable transformants contained the hph gene and the regulatory sequences of the pkil promoter and the cbh2 terminator integrated into the genome. Evidence for preferentially ectopic integration is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351679
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of DNA-fingerprint analysis in the classification of some species of the Trichoderma aggregate (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting of Trichoderma ; Trichoderma reesei ; RFLP ; Strain classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed nine different species of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma and three strains of T. reesei for the presence of hypervariable loci in their genomes by hybridization with simple repeat oligonucleotides [(CT)8, (GTG)5, and (GACA)4]. On the basis of the DNA-fingerprints obtained, the Trichoderma aggregate is re-classified into five groups: I (T. reesei, T. todica), II (T. polysporum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii), III (T. virgatum), IV (T. saturnisporum) and V (T. harzianum). These results contradict the claim that T. reesei is a subspecies of T. longibrachiatum. Furthermore, hybridization with (CA)8 allowed a subdivision of group II, wherein T. pseudokoningii formed a subgroup, IIb, which is highly homologous with, but distinct from subgroup IIa. The results show that RFLP analysis may be used to re-classify the Trichoderma aggregate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318650
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of a β-glucosidase binding and activating polysaccharide from cell walls of Trichoderma reesei (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; β-Glucosidase ; Polyheteroglycan ; Cell wall ; Enzyme activation ; Reassociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extracellular β-glucosidase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 is mainly bound to the cell wall of the fungus and only partially released into the medium. Isolation of the cell walls and its hydrolysis by enzymatic treatment with Aspergillus niger cellulase released β-glucosidase, which appeared tightly associated with a cell wall polysaccharide. This polysaccharide was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography and was shown to consist of mannose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid. It was devoid of protein and phosphate. It reassociated both with extracellular β-glucosidase as well as β-glucosidase released from the fungus' cell wall. Addition of the polysaccharide to the β-glucosidase in vitro increased the enzyme's activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside twofold. These findings suggest, that the isolated polysaccharide functions as an “anchor glycan” for the β-glucosidase in Trichoderma reesei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423325
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellobiohydrolase II is the main conidial-bound cellulase in Trichoderma reesei and other Trichoderma strains (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 155 (1991), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Cellobiohydrolase ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Conidial bound enzymes ; Recombinant fungal cellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies have been used to determine the presence of cellobiohydrolases I and II (CBH I and II), and endoglucanase I (EG I) on the surface of conidia from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 and RUT C-30, and 8 other Trichoderma species. For this purpose, proteins were released from the conidial surface by treatment with a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100 and β-octylglucoside), followed by SDS-PAGE/Western blotting and immunostaining. Both CBH I and II were clearly present, but — unlike in extracellular culture fluids from Trichoderma — CBH II was the predominant cellulase. In T. reesei EG I could not be detected. The higher producer strain T. reesei RUT C-30 exhibited a higher conidial level of CBH II than T. reesei QM 9414. In order to assess the importance of the conidial CBH II level for cellulase induction by cellulose, multiple copies of the chb2 gene were introduced into the T. reesei genome by cotransformation using PyrG as a marker. Stable multicopy transformants secreted the 2- to 4-fold level of CBH II into the culture medium when grown on lactose as a carbon source, but their CBH I secretion was unaltered. Upon growth on cellulose, both CBH I and CBH II secretion was enhanced. Those strain showing highest cellulase activity on cellulose also appeared to contain the highest level of conidial bound CBH II. CBH II was also the predominant conidial cellulase in various other Trichoderma sp. However, roughly the same amount of conidial bound CBH II was detected in all strains, although their cellulase production differed considerably.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245356
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterisation of genes (pkc1 andpkcA) encoding protein kinase C homologues fromTrichoderma reesei andAspergillus niger (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 250 (1996), S. 17-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Trichoderma reesei ; Aspergillus niger ; Protein kinase C gene ; Signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oligonucleotides, designed on the basis of conserved flanking amino acid sequence segments within the catalytic domain of eukaryotic protein kinase C (PKC) proteins, were used as primers for polymerase chain reactions to amplify a 427-bp chromosomal DNA fragment from the filamentous fungusTrichoderma reesei. This fragment was then used to isolate genes encoding PKC homologues ofT. reesei andAspergillus niger (pkcl andpkcA, respectively). The genes contain six (T. reesei) and eight (A. niger) introns, which exhibit notable conservation in position with those found in the correspondingSchizosaccharomyces pombe pkc1 + andDrosophila melanogaster dPKC53Ebr genes. A single 4.2-kb transcript was detected in Northern analyses. The deduced PKC1 (T. reesei, 126 kDa) andPKCA (A. niger, 122 kDa) amino acid sequences reveal domains homologous to the Cl and C3/C4 domains of PKC-related proteins, but lack typical Ca2+-binding (C2) domains. Both contain a large, extended N-terminus, which shares a high degree of similarity with the corresponding regions ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae PKC1 andS. pombe pkc1+ and pkc2+ proteins, but which is not present in PKCs ofDictyostelium or higher eukaryotes. This extended region can be divided into three subdomains; the N-terminal one contains a hydrophobic helix-turn-helix motif, whereas the C-terminal one contains potential targets for proteolytic processing. A polyclonal antiserum raised against the pseudosubstrate-binding domain of PKC1 recognizes inT. reesei a 115–120 kDa protein in Western blots. Expression ofpkc1 cDNA in insect cells directs the synthesis of a PKC1 protein of similar size. TheT. reesei PKC1 protein was partially purified and some of its properties examined: it is stimulated about twofold by phospholipids or phorbol esters but is not stimulated by Ca2+. We conclude that these PKC proteins from filamentous fungi represent the Ca2+-insensitive fungal homologues of the nPKC family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191821
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  • 8
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    First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay: ^{16}Be (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-10
    Description: Author(s): A. Spyrou, Z. Kohley, T. Baumann, D. Bazin, B. A. Brown, G. Christian, P. A. DeYoung, J. E. Finck, N. Frank, E. Lunderberg, S. Mosby, W. A. Peters, A. Schiller, J. K. Smith, J. Snyder, M. J. Strongman, M. Thoennessen, and A. Volya We report on the first observation of dineutron emission in the decay of 16 Be . A single-proton knockout reaction from a 53  MeV/u 17 B beam was used to populate the ground state of 16 Be . 16 Be is bound with respect to the emission of one neutron and unbound to two-neutron emission. The dineutron chara... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 102501] Published Fri Mar 09, 2012
    Keywords: Nuclear Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 9
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    Unresolved Question of the ^{10}He Ground State Resonance (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-05
    Description: Author(s): Z. Kohley, J. Snyder, T. Baumann, G. Christian, P. A. DeYoung, J. E. Finck, R. A. Haring-Kaye, M. Jones, E. Lunderberg, B. Luther, S. Mosby, A. Simon, J. K. Smith, A. Spyrou, S. L. Stephenson, and M. Thoennessen The ground state of 10 He was populated using a 2 p 2 n -removal reaction from a 59  MeV/u 14 Be beam. The decay energy of the three-body system, 8 He+ n + n , was measured and a resonance was observed at E =1.60(25)  MeV with a 1.8(4) MeV width. This result is in agreement with previous invariant mass spectros... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 232501] Published Tue Dec 04, 2012
    Keywords: Nuclear Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 10
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    Study of Two-Neutron Radioactivity in the Decay of ^{26}O (2013)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-09
    Description: Author(s): Z. Kohley, T. Baumann, D. Bazin, G. Christian, P. A. DeYoung, J. E. Finck, N. Frank, M. Jones, E. Lunderberg, B. Luther, S. Mosby, T. Nagi, J. K. Smith, J. Snyder, A. Spyrou, and M. Thoennessen A new technique was developed to measure the lifetimes of neutron unbound nuclei in the picosecond range. The decay of 26 O→ 24 O+ n + n was examined as it had been predicted to have an appreciable lifetime due to the unique structure of the neutron-rich oxygen isotopes. The half-life of 26 O was extracted... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 152501] Published Mon Apr 08, 2013
    Keywords: Nuclear Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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