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  • 1
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    Evidence of Possible Enhanced Peat Burning by Deep-Origin Methane in the Po River Delta Plain (Italy) (2008)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: A burning peat site in the Po Valley (Italy) has been investigated for the first time. Beyond the smoke from the smoldering combustion of peat, there are carbonatic concretions and huge amounts of methane in the soil (〉60% by vol.), leading to fluxes to the atmosphere of the order of 10 to the power of 2/10 to the power of 3 mg m to the power of -2 d to the power of -1. A wide range of analyses (gas composition, stable isotopes of CH4 and CaCO3, methane radiocarbon) were performed in order to understand whether methane is produced by peat layers or seeps from deeper natural gas reservoirs. The quasi-fossil character of CH4, methane-derived carbonates, methane-stable isotopic compositions related to marine carbonates reduction, the presence of helium, and a fault corresponding to the burning site all converge to indicate that the major part of the methane ascends from deep horizons. Such methane seepage is likely to feed the peat combustion, explaining the observed phenomena and the large outbursts of historical gas-emission events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 401-413
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; seep ; peat ; gas flux ; Po plain ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Terrestrial methane seeps and mud volcanoes: A global perspective of gas origin (2009)
    Elsevier Ltd.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A global database of gas composition and methane stable isotopes of 143 terrestrial mud volcanoes from 12 countries and 60 seeps independent from mud volcanism from eight countries, was compiled and examined in order to provide the first worldwide statistics on the origin of methane seeping at the earth’s surface. Sixteen seep data were coupled with their associated subsurface reservoirs. The surface seepage data indicate that at least 76% of the mud volcanoes release thermogenic gas, with only 4% biogenic and 20% with mixed character. The average (201 data) of methane concentration and methane carbon isotope ratios (δ to the power of 13 C1) of mud volcanoes are 90% v/v and -46.4‰, respectively. The other types of seeps, which are independent from mud volcanism, have an average δ to the power of 13 C1 value that is slightly higher (-42.9‰). Gases from mud volcanoes are generally lighter (more methane, less ethane and propane) than their associated reservoir gases, suggesting a molecular fractionation during advective fluid migration. Other types of seeps, especially "dry" seeps, maintain the reservoir C1/(C2 + C3) "Bernard" ratio. Mud volcanoes behave like a "natural refinery" and the origin of gas more isotopically enriched than -50% and with C1/(C2 + C3) 〉500 should be attributed to a thermogenic source, rather than partial oxidation of biogenic gas. Some data that appear biogenic in the "Bernard diagram" can be explained by molecular fractionation of mixed gas. Consequently, the "Bernard" parameter may be misleading when applied to mud volcanoes since it does not always reflect the original gas composition. The mechanisms of the molecular advective segregation should be studied quantitatively by specific models and experiments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 333-344
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mud volcanoes ; Seeps ; Methane ; Isotopes ; Organic geochemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Methane and hydrogen sulfide seepage in the NW Peloponnesus petroliferous basin (Greece): origin and geohazard (2006)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Gas seepages along the Ionian coast of the northwestern Peloponnesus (Greece), at Killini, Katakolo, and Kaiafas reflect deep hydrocarbon-generation processes and represent a real hazard for humans and buildings. Methane microseepage, gas concentration in offshore and onshore vents, and gas dissolved in water springs, including the isotopic analysis of methane, have shown that the seeps are caused by thermogenic methane that had accumulated in Mesozoic limestone and had migrated upward through faults, or zones of weakness, induced by salt diapirism. A link between local seismicity and salt tectonics is suggested by the analyses of hypocenter distribution. Methane acts as a carrier gas for hydrogen sulfide produced by thermal sulfate reduction and/or thermal decomposition of sulfur compounds in kerogen or oil. Methane seeps in potentially explosive amounts, and hydrogen sulfide is over the levels necessary to induce toxicological diseases and lethal effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 701-713
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; seepage ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2071123 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Did geologic emissions of methane play any role in Quaternary climate change? (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The “methane-led hypotheses” assume that gas hydrates and marine seeps are the sole geologic factors controlling Quaternary atmospheric and climate changes. Nevertheless, a wider class of geologic sources of methane exist which could have played a role in past climate changes. Beyond offshore seepage, relevant geologic emissions of methane (GEM) are from onshore seepage, including mud volcanism, microseepage and geothermal flux; altogether GEM are the second most important natural source of atmospheric methane at present. The amount of methane entering the atmosphere from onshore GEM seems to prevail on that from offshore seepage. Onshore sources inject a predominantly isotopically heavy (13C-enriched) methane into the atmosphere. They are controlled mainly by endogenic (geodynamic) processes, which induce large-scale gas flow variations over geologic and millennial time scales, and only partially by exogenic (surface) conditions, so that they are not affected by negative feedbacks. The eventual influence on atmospheric methane concentration does not necessarily require catastrophic or abrupt releases, as proposed for the “clathrate gun hypothesis”. Enhanced degassing from these sources could have contributed to the methane trends observed in the ice core records, and could explain the late Quaternary peaks of increased methane concentrations accompanied by the enrichment of isotopically heavy methane, as recently observed. This hypothesis shall be tested by means of robust multidisciplinary studies, mainly based on a series of atmospheric, biologic and geologic proxies.
    Description: Published
    Description: On line First
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; climate change ; seepage ; Quaternary ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    GEM—Geologic Emissions of Methane, the missing source in the atmospheric methane budget (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Central to any study of climate change is the development of an inventory that identifies and quantifies natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG). Recent studies have demonstrated that geologic emissions of methane (GEM), although not considered in the inventories of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC), are an important GHG source. Etiope and Klusman (2002, Chemosphere 49, 777–789) documented that significant amounts of methane, produced within the Earth crust, are released naturally into the atmosphere through faults and fractured rocks. Major GEMs are related to hydrocarbon production in sedimentary basins (biogenic and thermogenic methane), through continuous exhalation and eruptions from more than 1200 onshore and offshore mud volcanoes (MVs), through diffuse soil microseepage, and shallow marine seeps; secondarily, methane is released from geothermal and volcano-magmatic systems. Minor geologic sources are those related to natural exhalation from coal-bearing rocks (influenced by mining activities), degassing from crystalline basement and mantle. While marine seeps have been studied for decades, methane flux from MVs has been the object of detailed measurements only since 2001, when hundreds of gas flux measurements were performed from vents and soilin the main terrestrial MVs of Europe, in Romania and Italy (Etiope et al.,2003, Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1094, doi:10.1029/2002GL016287; and references therein). In 2003 gas flux was measured in Azerbaijan, which hosts the world’s biggest MVs and densest MV population (Etiope et al., 2004, Geology, in press). In all areas investigated around 102–103 tons of methane per km2 are annually injected into the atmosphere. The global estimates of GEM from MVs range from 5 to 13Tg yr-1 (Etiope and Milkov, 2004, Environmental Geology, in press).
    Description: Published
    Description: 3099-3100
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; atmospheric gas budget ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Methane seeps and mud volcanoes in Italy: gas origin, fractionation and emission to the atmosphere. (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Molecular composition, CH4 isotopes and gas flux of all main terrestrial mud volcanoes and other methane seeps in Italy are being assessed for the first time. Whereas 74% of the Italian gas reservoirs are biogenic, about 80% of the seeps release thermogenic gas. Dry-seep gas generally maintains the reservoir C1/(C2 + C3) ‘‘Bernard’’ ratio while mud volcanoes show molecular fractionation likely occurring during advective migration. Accordingly, a simple and direct use of the ‘‘Bernard’’ parameter might be misleading when applied to mud volcanoes as it could not always reflect the reservoir composition. Methane flux into the atmosphere from macro-seep areas is in the order of 102–106 t km-2y-1. Microseepage is widespread throughout large areas and, on a regional scale, it provides the main methane output. A first emission estimate for the total hydrocarbon-prone area of Italy suggests levels of 105 t y-1, comparable to national sources fromfossil fuel industry
    Description: Published
    Description: L14303
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; Seeps ; mud volcanoes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Natural emissions of methane from geological seepage in Europe (2009)
    Elsevier Ltd.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent studies have shown that geological emissions of methane are an important greenhouse-gas source. Remarkable amounts of methane, estimated in the order of 40-60 Tg yr-1, are naturally released into the atmosphere from the Earth’s crust through faults and fractured rocks. The main source is natural gas, both microbial and thermogenic, produced in hydrocarbon-prone sedimentary basins and injected into the atmosphere through macro-seeps (onshore and offshore mud volcanoes and other seeps) and microseepage, an invisible but pervasive flux from the soil. This source is now evaluated for Europe on the basis of a literature survey, new field measurements and derived emission factors. The up-scaling criteria recommended by the EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines are applied to the local point and area source data. In Europe, 25 countries host oil and/or natural gas reservoirs and potentially, or actually, emit geological methane. Flux data, however, are available only from 10 countries: the onshore or offshore petroliferous sectors of Denmark, Italy, Greece, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Black Sea countries (Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia). Azerbaijan, whose emissions due to mud volcanism are known to be relevant, is included in the estimate. The sum of emissions, regional estimates and local measurements, related to macro-seeps leads to a conservative total value of about 2.2 Tg yr-1. Together with the potential microseepage fluxes from the petroliferous basins, estimated on the basis of the Total Petroleum System concept (around 0.8 Tg yr-1), the total European seepage is projected to 3 Tg yr-1. This preliminary figure would represent, in terms of magnitude, the second natural methane source for Europe after wetlands. The estimate will have to be refined by increasing the number of seepage measurements both on lands, where there is high potential for microseepage (e.g., Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Georgia) and in coastal marine areas (the North Sea, the Black Sea, offshore Greece and Italy) where emission factors and the extent of the underwater seeping area are not completely known.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1430-1443
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; Natural emissions ; Geological sources ; Seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Natural emissions of methane from geothermal and volcanic sources in Europe (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has recently been demonstrated that methane emission from lithosphere degassing is an important component of the natural greenhouse-gas atmospheric budget. Globally, the geological sources are mainly due to seepage from hydrocarbon-prone sedimentary basins, and subordinately from geothermal/volcanic fluxes. This work provides a first estimate of methane emission from the geothermal/volcanic component at European level. In Europe, 28 countries have geothermal systems and at least 10 countries host surface geothermal manifestations (hot springs, mofettes, gas vents). Even if direct methane flux measurements are available only for a few small areas in Italy, a fair number of data on CO2, CH4 and steam composition and flux from geothermal manifestations are today available for 6 countries (Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Spain). Following the emission factor and area-based approach, the available data have been analyzed and have led to an early and conservative estimate of methane emission into the atmosphere around 10,000 ton/yr (4000–16,000 ton/yr), basically from an area smaller than 4000 km2, with a speculative upper limit in the order of 105 ton/yr. Only 4–18% of the conservative estimate (about 720 ton/yr) is due to 12 European volcanoes, where methane concentration in volcanic gases is generally in the order of a few tens of ppmv. Volcanoes are thus not a significant methane source. While the largest emission is due to geothermal areas, which may be situated next to volcanoes or independent. Here inorganic synthesis, thermometamorphism and thermal breakdown of organic matter are substantial. Methane flux can reach hundreds of ton/yr from small individual vents. Geothermal methane is mainly released in three countries located in the main high heat flow regions: Italy, Greece, and Iceland. Turkey is likely a fourth important contributor but the absolute lack of data prevents any emission estimate. Therefore, the actual European geothermal–volcanic methane emission could be easily projected to the 105 ton/yr levels, reaching the magnitude of some other natural sources such as forest fires or wild animals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 76-86
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; volcanoes ; Geothermal vents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Geologic emissions of methane to the atmosphere (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The atmospheric methane budget is commonly defined assuming that major sources derive from the biosphere (wetlands, rice paddies, animals, termites) and that fossil, radiocarbon-free CH4 emission is due to and mediated by anthropogenic activity (natural gas production and distribution, and coal mining). However, the amount of radiocarbon- free CH4 in the atmosphere, estimated at approximately 20% of atmospheric CH4, is higher than the estimates from statistical data of CH4 emission from fossil fuel related anthropogenic sources. This work documents that significant amounts of ‘‘old’’ methane, produced within the Earth crust, can be released naturally into the atmosphere through gas permeable faults and fractured rocks. Major geologic emissions of methane are related to hydrocarbon production in sedimentary basins (biogenic and thermogenic methane) and, subordinately, to inorganic reactions (Fischer-Tropsch type) in geothermal systems. Geologic CH4 emissions include diffuse fluxes over wide areas, or microseepage, on the order of 100–102 mgm 2 day 1, and localised flows and gas vents, on the order of 102 t y 1, both on land and on the seafloor. Mud volcanoes producing flows of up to 103 t y 1 represent the largest visible expression of geologic methane emission. Several studies have indicated that methanotrophic consumption in soil may be insufficient to consume all leaking geologic CH4 and positive fluxes into the atmosphere can take place in dry or seasonally cold environments. Unsaturated soils have generally been considered a major sink for atmospheric methane, and never a continuous, intermittent, or localised source to the atmosphere. Although geologic CH4 sources need to be quantified more accurately, a preliminary global estimate indicates that there are likely more than enough sources to provide the amount of methane required to account for the suspected missing source of fossil CH4.
    Description: Published
    Description: 777-789
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Deep-sea survey for the detection of methane at the ‘‘Santa Maria di Leuca’’ cold-water coral mounds ( Ionian Sea, South Italy) (2010)
    Elsevier Ltd.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The ‘‘Santa Maria di Leuca" Cold-Water Coral (CWC) province (northern Ionian Sea) was investigated for the first time to detect eventual occurrence of methane anomalies as a possible indication of hydrocarbon seepage stimulating the coral growth. Most coral mounds have developed in correspondence with tectonic scarps and faults, orthogonal to the southern margin and trending NW-SE, which could be potential sites of gas escape. A visual and instrumental inspection was performed by using a new deep-sea probe equipped with video-cameras, sonar, CTD, methane sensors, and a water sampler. Eight areas were explored by 10 surveys, depths ranging from 380 to 1100 m, for a total of more than 26h of continuous video and instrumental recording. Sediments were also sampled by gravity corers and analysed in laboratory. The images allowed to assess distribution, abundance and geometry of the colonies, most of which are developed on morphological highs often characterised by tectonic scarps. All data indicate however the lack of a significant occurrence of methane, both in seawater and sediments. No direct or indirect expressions of gas seepage were recognised on the seabed. Weak methane anomalies were detected only in seawater at the base of some fault-linked scarps, where more reducing conditions and bacterial methanogenesis are possibly enhanced by less water circulation. The faults are not fluid-bearing as previously suggested by high-resolution geophysical signatures. The development of the coral colonies thus cannot be attributed to seeping fluids, but to a favourable physiographic position with exposure to nutrient-rich currents.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; Corals ; Seepage ; Marine geology ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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