ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (65)
  • Marginal Contribution  (1)
  • Max-cut  (1)
  • 11
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Ethylaziridine (1) was polymerized in water with HCl as initiator and copolymerized with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aziridine (2). Rapid propagation and termination reactions were observed. The maximum yield increases with the initiator concentration, whereas the molecular weight decreases. This is due to the difference in basicity between the tertiary N-atoms of the two monomers and the tertiary and the terminal secondary N-atoms of the polymers, which causes tranfer and termination reactions. Macrocycles with a side chain on a quaternary N-atom are formed. During the copolymerization, the more basic 1 is preferentially incorporated into the copolymer chain. The copolymerization parameters can be estimated roughly on the basis of basicity considerations: r1 〉 1; r2 〈 1. The ratio of the rate constants (propagation to termination) is lower for 1 than for 2. This is due to the fact that the basicity difference between the monomer and the tertiary N-atoms of the polymer is higher for 1 than for 2. By reaction of thionyl chloride with the copolymers the desired hydrochlorides of the N-(2-chloroethyl) derivatives are obtained. The neutralisation with alkali did not result the free bases, since the products formed are rather due to side reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1973), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Mechanismus strahleninduzierter Polymerisationen im festen Zustand gab bisher vielerlei Anlaß zu Spekulationen. Da energiereiche Strahlen normalerweise im festen Monomeren sowohl Radikale als auch Ionen erzeugen, ist es schwierig zu unterscheiden, welche Art dieser Spezies tatsächlich die Polymerisation auslöst.Wir haben eine Methode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, kationische und anionische aktive Zentren zu unterscheiden. Kationische Polymerisationen werden durch Zugabe einer Base wie Natriumalkoholat in einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel abgebrochen; die Alkoxygruppe wird dabei in das Polymere als Endgruppe eingebaut. Diese Endgruppe wird nach Isolierung und Reinigung des Polymeren analytisch bestimmt. Der Einbau von Alkoxy-Endgruppen in das Polymere beweist das Auftreten von Polymerketten mit kationischen Kettenenden. Mit dieser Methode wurde gezeigt, daß bei der γ-strahleninduzierten Polymerisation von kristallinem Trioxan bei 60°C Polyoxymethylen-Kationen vorliegen. Es wird angenommen, daß das Kettenwachstum wie bei mit LEWIS-Säuren initiierten Polymerisationen über diese kationischen Zentren erfolgt.Anionische Kettenenden können auf analoge Weise bestimmt werden. Die Polymerisa-tionen werden durch Zugabe eines Überschusses an Alkyljodid abgebrochen, das mit anionischen Kettenenden unter Bildung von Alkoxy-Endgruppen reagiert. Überraschend wurden bei der strahleninduzierten Polymerisation von kristallinem Trioxan auch anionische Kettenenden im Polymeren gefunden. Es wird angenommen, daß diese Anionen nur als Gegenionen zu den wachsenden kationischen Kettenenden fungieren und selbst nicht zu einem Kettenwachstum führen
    Notes: The mechanism of radiation-induced polymerizations in the solid state has been a subject mostly open to speculation. As radiation usually generates several kinds of active species (radicals and ions) it is difficult to find out, which of these actually causes polymerization.We have developped a method distinguishing between cationic and anionic active centers. Cationic polymerizations are terminated by addition of a base such as sodium alkoxide in a suitable solvent. The alkoxide is incorporated into the polymer as an endgroup. This endgroup is determined analytically after isolation and purification of the polymer. The incorporation of alkoxy endgroups into the polymer is a proof of the occurrence of polymer chains with cationic chain ends. It was shown by this method that crystalline trioxane, polymerized by γ-rays at 60°C, contains polyoxymethylene cations. It is assumed that with these cationic active centers propagation is similar to polymerizations initiated by LEWIS acids. Anionic chain ends can be detected by an analogous way. Polymerizations are terminated by addition of excess alkyl iodide which produces alkoxy endgroups from the anionic chain ends. Surprisingly, in the radiation-induced polymerization of crystalline trioxane some anionic chain ends were also found in the polymer. It is assumed that these anions do not propagate and that they are only counter-ions of the propagating cationic chain ends.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 164 (1973), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 48 (1960), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reactions on the reactive groups of macromolecular substances (e.g., cellulose) have long been known, even since before the structures of macromolecules were understood. H. Staudinger carried out numerous reactions with macromolecules, maintaining the degree of polymerization constant, in order to substantiate the macromolecular structure of the substances investigated (polymeric-analogous reactions). During the last fifteen years reactions with macromolecules have been investigated because it was desirable to compare the chemical diversity of low molecular weight compounds with the corresponding chemical diversity of macromolecular compounds. These endeavors bring forth materials which supplement the numerous macromolecular substances which are produced and used as materials for plastics, and therefore these materials should have as low reactivity and high stability as possible. Objectives are given for the preparation of macromolecules with a large variety of groups. From these objectives it is evident that, as in low molecular weight chemistry, macromolecular substances which possess functional groups of high reactivity are suitable as starting materials. Some of these which have been known for a long time but have been investigated only in recent years are polyaldehydes (polyacroleins and polymethylacroleins), polyacyl halides such as polyacryl chlorides and polyvinylsulfonyl chlorides and fluorides, and, most recently, polymeric organometallic compounds such as poly-p-lithiumstyrene. The reactions with these macromolecules are described and the properties of the resulting new polymeric substances are given.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 48 (1960), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane in methylene dichloride with boron trifluoride, producing polyoxymethylene, was investigated. An ionogenic cocatalyst is not required in this polymerization. During the induction period, initially formed, short polyoxymethylene chains depolymerize to formaldehyde until a constant equilibrium concentration of formaldehyde is reached. This concentration is equal to the ceiling concentration of formaldehyde in cationic polymerization under the conditions chosen for the experiments. The nonstationary state and the strong acceleration of the polymerization of trioxane are due mainly to the lack of an effective kinetic termination reaction. Thus the concentration of growing polyoxymethylene cations increases with time.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 210-222 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Different diacyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, dialkylperoxides and peracids are used as components of Fe··-redox-systems to polymerize styrene in benzene at 50° C. The conversions so obtained are compared with those of peroxide-induced polymerization. In cases of brominated peroxides one can calculate from the bromine-content of the polymers the incorporated catalyzer-fragments. No bromine can be found in the polymer if one uses brombenzoperacid; therefore if must be assumed, that the chain-initiation ensues through OH-radicals.
    Notes: Verschiedene Diacylperoxyde, Hydroperoxyde, Dialkylperoxyde und Persären werden als Komponenten von Eisen-Redox-Systemen zur Polymerisation von Styrol in Benzol bei 50° C benutzt. Die erzielten Umsätze werden mit denen bei peroxydischer Polymerisation verglichen. Bei bromhaltigen Peroxyden kann aus dem Bromgehalt der Polymeren auf die Zahl der eingebauten peroxydischen Bruchstücke geschlossen werden. Dabei Anwendung von Brombenzopersäre kein Brom in den Polymeren nachzuweiseu ist, muß angenommen werden, daß der Kettenstart durch OH-Radikale erfolgt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 7 (1951), S. 46-61 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper describes attempts to prepare soluble, rod-like molecules, the para-linked methyl-substituted polyphenylenes. The Ullmann reaction between 4.4′-di-iodo-3.3′-dimethyl-diphenyl and copper powder was carried out under varying conditions. The resulting soluble methylated polyphenylenes were fractionated and ultracentrifugal and osmotic pressure measurements indicated molecular weights up to 300000 for the highestmoleculare fractions. Cryoscopic measurements gave anomalous molecular weights. The results of the measurements of viscosity, sedimentation and diffusion are discussed with regard to the shape of these molecules. It appeared that the molecules obtained under these conditions, are neither rigid, nor rodlike. Side reactions probably give metalinked or branched products.
    Notes: Es werden Versuche geschildert, die zur Darstellung von löslichen, stäbchenförmigen Molekülen, nämlich para-verketteten, methylsubstituierten Polyphenylenen führen sollen. 4.4′-Dijod-3.3′-dimethyl-diphenyl wurde nach Ullmann mit Kupferpulver unter verschiedenen Bedingungen kondensiert und die erhaltenen löslichen, methylierten Polyphenylene fraktioniert. Ultrazentrifugale und osmotische Messungen ergeben für die höchstmolekularen Fraktionen Molekulargewichte bis zu 300000. Kryoskopische Untersuchungen liefern anomale Molekulargewichte. Die Ergebnisse der Viskositäts-, Sedimentations und Diffusionsmessungen werden im Hinblick auf die Gestalt der Moleküle diskutiert. Die unter den angewandten Reaktionsbedingungen erhaltenen Produkte sind vermutlich keine starren, stäbchenförmige Gebilde. Durch Nebenreaktionen entstehen vielleicht meta- Verknüpfungen oder Verzweigungen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 32 (1959), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sodiumvinylsulphonate (VS-Na) shows a strong tendency for polymerization in concentrated aqueous solutions. The rate of polymerization and the conversion depend on the acidity of the solution. It was found that the molecular weight increases with the time of polymerization and with the conversion. Monomers like styrene, vinylacetate etc., which are insoluble or only partly soluble in water can be copolymerized with VS-Na in homogeneous solution with dimethylsulfoxyd as solvent.
    Notes: Natriumvinylsulfonat (VS-Na) zeigt in konzentrierten wäßrigen Lösungen eine ausgeprägte Polymerisationsneigung. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und der erreichte Umsatz hängen stark von der Acidität der Lösungen ab. Es wurde gefunden, daß mit der Polymerisationsdauer und mit wachsendem Umsatz auch die Molekulargewichte der Polymerisate ansteigen. Wasserunlösliche oder nur begrenzt lösliche ungesättigte Verbindungen wie Styrol, Vinylacetat und andere können in Dimethylsulfoxyd in homogener Lösung mit VS-Na copolymerisiert werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 63 (1963), S. 53-68 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The preparation of p-oligophenylenes is reported in which possibilities of rotation around biaryl bonds are blocked by ethyleneo or ethylideno bridges.The syntheses were carried out in order to clarify the problem of the considerable increase of solubility for p-oligophenylenes with methyl groups as side chains. With these bridge-substituted compounds it was possible to confirm a hypothesis dealing with the effectiveness of the side chains in a disturbance of symmetry. Two effects of asymmetry could thus be established: The substituent effect includes simply the lack of symmetry caused by the substituted groups. The rotation effect, however, deals with the decrease in symmetry brought about by inner molecular mobility (ring rotation). In the methyl-substituted p-oligophenylenes these two effects overlap; thereby high solubility is obtained. It was shown that the solubility of the nonsubstituted p-oligophenylenes must also be seen in connection with a rotation effect.The bridge-substituted compounds were synthesized by homocondensed, cocondensed, and mixed ULLMANN reactions. The ethyleno compounds could be converted by dehydrogenation to the ethylideno derivatives.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung von p-Oligophenylenen berichtet, bei denen Rotationsmöglichkeiten der verknüpften Benzolringe um Biarylbindungen durch Äthyleno- oder Äthylidenobrücken blockiert sind.Die Synthesen wurden im wesentlichen von der Fragestellung bestimmt, warum die Löslichkeit von p-Oligophenylenen durch seitenständige Methylgruppen so stark erhöht wird. An Hand der brückensubstituierten Verbindungen wird eine Arbeitshypothese bestätigt, welche die Wirksamkeit der Seitenketten auf eine Störung der Molekülsymmetrie zurückführt. Es können zwei Asymmetrieeffekte unterschieden werden: der Substituenteneffekt erfaßt dabei den durch die substituierten Gruppen schlechthin bedingten Symmetriemangel, der Rotationseffekt dagegen die durch die innere Molekülbeweglichkeit (Ringrotation) hervorgebrachte Symmetrieabnahme. Bei den methylsubstituierten p-Oligophenylenen überlagern sich diese beiden Effekte; dadurch werden sehr hohe Löslichkeitswerte erreicht. Es wird gezeigt, daß auch die Löslichkeit der unsubstituierten p-Oligophenylene in Verbindung mit einem Rotationseffekt diskutiert werden muß.Die Synthese der brückensubstituierten Verbindungen wurde durch homokondensierende, durch cokondensierende und durch gemischte ULLMANN-Reaktion verwirklicht. Die Äthylenoverbindungen konnten durch Dehydrierung in die Äthylidenoderivate umgewandelt werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...