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  • Man/System Technology and Life Support  (22)
  • Wiedervernässung  (4)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Hydrological conditions at the Kleiner Landgraben Valley (Neubrandenburg, NE Germany) were planned to be modified as a part of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern peatland conservation program. Before restoring hydrological conditions, extensive top-soil removal from drained fens was also scheduled. By doing so, phosphorus, ammonia and methane release from rewetted fens is pretended to be strongly reduced. Moreover, a marked nitrate export reduction is expected, what will decrease N fluxes into the Baltic Sea. Several field and laboratory experiments were performed in the period 2009-2012 in order to evaluate: a) the influence of agricultural activities in the catchment on nutrient load over the lowland fens and nutrient export from drained fens site; b) the groundwater fluctuation at drained fen, c) the phosphorus release potential from the upper peat layer, and d) the impact of top-soil removal on the level of phosphorus concentrations in the surface water of inundated peatlands. Such previous research served as a basis of a laboratory experiment aiming to investigate the influence of the degree of peat decomposition, temperature and N load over nitrate removal and phosphorus turnover. According to our results, nitrate is efficiently removed from highly degraded peat (up to 90 %), whereas phosphorus release decreased at increasing nitrate load and is negligible in less decomposed peat. Moreover, moderately decomposed peat was also observed to have a high nitrate removal potential. Our results provide useful insights for the management of rewetted fens, and can be applied in another agricultural watershed within the NE Germany glacial landscape.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen des Moorschutzprogramms von Mecklenburg-Vorpommern war eine hydrologische Umgestaltung des Kleinen Landgrabentals bei Neubrandenburg geplant. Dazu waren auch großflächige Flachabtorfungen im entwässerten Moor vorgesehen. Diese Maßnahme sollte dazu beitragen, eine hohe Phosphor-, Ammonium- und Methan-Freisetzung nach einer Moorvernässung zu unterbinden. Gleichzeitig sollte eine deutliche Reduzierung der Nitratausträge aus dem Einzugsgebiet des Kleinen Landgrabens erfolgen, um letztlich die N-Belastung der Ostsee zu senken. Im Zeitraum 2009 bis 2012 wurden daher umfangreiche Freiland- und Laboruntersuchungen zu folgenden Themen durchgeführt: (a) Höhe der Nährstoffbelastung des Moores durch das landwirtschaftlich genutzte Einzugsgebiet und des Nährstoffaustrages aus dem entwässerten Moor, (b) Schwankungen der Grundwasserstände im Moor unter entwässerten Bedingungen, (c) Höhe des P-Freisetzungspotenzials im Oberboden und daraus resultierendes P-Austragsrisiko und (d) Einfluss einer Flachabtorfung auf die Höhe der P-Konzentrationen im Freiwasser überstauter Moore. Diese Ergebnisse waren Grundlage für Laborversuche zur Bestimmung der Nitratreduktion sowie der P-Dynamik in Abhängigkeit von Torfqualität, Temperatur und äußerer Nitratbelastung. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Nitratrückhalt besonders hoch in den vererdeten Torfen ausfällt (bis zu 90 %), aber auch mäßig zersetzte Torfe wiesen noch ein großes Nitratrückhaltepotenzial auf. Gleichzeitig wurde in den vererdeten Torfen bei einer hohen Nitratbelastung die Phosphorfreisetzung stark herabgesetzt wobei die Phosphorfreisetzung in mittel zersetzten Torfen generell sehr gering ausfiel. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für die Wiedervernässungspraxis abgeleitet, die auf andere Regionen des pleistozän geprägten nordostdeutschen Tieflandes übertragbar sind.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Niedermoor ; Phosphor ; Wiedervernässung ; peatland ; fen ; nature conservation ; phosphorus ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Sphagnum fens of the north-eastern lowlands of Germany are mostly small-area and are of importance for nature conservation due to a specialised flora and fauna. But nearly all fens are endangered due to lowering of the groundwater table in their catchments. In contrast to the well documented changes of the flora and fauna knowledge on changes of chemical peat characteristics due to long-term desiccation of the fen types is poor. Furthermore, it is nearly unknown, whether peat mineralization will contribute to a risk enhancement of phosphorus release in case of fen rewetting as a restoration measure. Therefore, we investigated pore water chemistry of degraded Berlin Sphagnum fens with changing groundwater tables by means of the dialysis method. Additionally, a newly developed sequential chemical extraction procedure was applied to estimate the risk of phosphorus release after fen rewetting. Our results showed that nutrient pore water concentrations (P, N) of degraded fens with changing groundwater table are strongly enhanced compared with pristine fens (NE-Germany, NW Poland). Furthermore, in the upper soil layer with very decomposed peat large amounts of redox-sensible bound phosphorus had been accumulated. In case of long-term rewetting this phosphorus can be released due to anoxic conditions resulting in eutrophication of the originally oligotrophic-acid fens. Therefore, we suggest following management measures to protect and improve flora and fauna typically for Sphagnum fens: (1) Restoration of the hydrology of the fen drainage basin being the most important step, (2) partial removal of shrubs and small trees, and mowing in case of reed succession to support the reoligotrophication, and (3) top soil removal in those parts of the Sphagnum fen which consist of very decomposed peat in the upper soil to reduce the risk of P release after rewetting.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Die meist kleinflächigen Torfmoosmoore des nordostdeutschen Tieflandes besitzen einen hohen naturschutzfachlichen Wert und wurden meist als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen. Sie sind aber durch großflächige Grundwasserabsenkungen stark gefährdet. Im Gegensatz zu den gut dokumentierten Veränderungen der Flora und Fauna der Moore gibt es nur lückenhafte Kenntnisse darüber, wie sich langjährige Wasserdefizite auf die chemischen Eigenschaften der Torfe ausgewirkt haben. Auch ist noch weitgehend unbekannt, ob die lang anhaltende Torfmineralisierung im Falle einer dauerhaften Wiedervernässung zu einem erhöhten Risiko der Nährstofffreisetzung, insbesondere von Phosphor (P), beiträgt. Für die Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden Porenwasseruntersuchungen mittels Dialysesammlertechnik in den wechselfeuchten Berliner Mooren durchgeführt und ein neues sequentielles chemisches Extraktionsverfahren zur Bestimmung des P-Freisetzungspotenzials in Torfen angewendet. Es ließ sich zeigen, dass die Nährstoffkonzentrationen im Porenwasser im Vergleich zu naturnahen Referenzmooren deutlich höher waren und eine erhebliche Anreicherung von redox-empfindlich gebundenem P in den stark zersetzten oberen Torfschichten stattgefunden hat. Im Falle einer dauerhaften Wiedervernässung wird dieser P freigesetzt und führt zu einer zusätzlichen Eutrophierung der ursprünglich oligotroph-sauren Moore. Für den Erhalt bzw. die Förderung torfmoosmoortypischer Floren- und Faunenelemente wird bei der Revitalisierung degradierter Torfmoosmoore deshalb folgendes Management vorgeschlagen: (1) Wiederherstellung der ursprünglichen hydrologischen Bedingungen, (2) zeitgleiche partielle Gehölzentfernung und im Falle des Auftretens von Röhrichten Pflegemahd mit dem Ziel des Nährstoffentzuges und (3) Entfernung der stark zersetzten oberen Torfschicht („Flachabtorfung“) in besonders stark gestörten Moorbereichen zur Verhinderung der Nährstofffreisetzung nach der Wiedervernässung.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; nature conservation ; Wiedervernässung ; vegetation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: In this study, a sub-area of one of the largest drained spring water mire complex in Germany, a part of the Sernitz Valley close to Greiffenberg (Uckermark), was examined for the potential risk of phosphorous release in the adjacent watercourse „Sernitz“ post rewetting. The area is characterized by a high degradation of the top soil layer and a species-poor phytocoenoses of countryside reed beds as a result of the drainage over hundreds of years. In consequence of the changes in the peat characteristics and the associated substantial soil shrinkage, some areas of the fen exhibit permanent inundated conditions. Overall, the important ecosystem functions provided by the fen, e.g. water and nutrient retention, are being altered negatively. For an assessment of the rewetting effects on the internal P release and the risk of elevated P export, investigations on substrate quality and porewater chemistry were performed in the period of June to October 2015. For this purpose, three representative investigation areas were selected within the study site. These areas are clearly different from each other in terms of water level and vegetation but they all possess several decimeters thick layer of highly decomposed peat. The highest P release potential was found for the fen area with alternating water levels. Despite the overall high P release potential in the upper degraded peat layer, there was no evidence of elevated P export to the adjacent watercourse due to rewetting.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Teilgebiet der Sernitzniederung bei Greiffenberg (Uckermark), eines der größten entwässerten Quellmoorkomplexe Deutschlands, in Hinblick auf eine potenzielle Phosphorbelastung nach Wiedervernässung in das angrenzende Fließgewässer „Sernitz“ untersucht. Als Folge der jahrhundertelangen Entwässerung sind die Oberböden überwiegend stark degradiert. Artenarme Phytozönosen in Form von Schilf-Landröhrichten kennzeichnen den Standort. Durch die Torfmineralisierung und damit verbundene Sackung sind einzelne Moorbereiche durch längere Überstauphasen gekennzeichnet. Für eine Bewertung der Auswirkung der Moorvernässung auf die interne P-Freisetzung und das Risiko erhöhter P-Austräge wurden im Zeitraum von Juni bis Oktober 2015 Untersuchungen zur Substratqualität und zur chemischen Zusammensetzung des Boden- und Oberflächenwassers durchgeführt. Für die Untersuchungen wurden drei für das Moor repräsentative Bereiche ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich der Standortfaktoren Wasserstand und Vegetation deutlich voneinander unterschieden. Die Bereiche waren überwiegend durch degenerierte Torfe an der Oberfläche mit einer Mächtigkeit von mehreren Dezimetern gekennzeichnet. Trotz des insgesamt hohen P-Freisetzungspotenzials im stark degradierten Oberboden besteht für das angrenzende Fließgewässer kein Risiko erhöhter P-Einträge nach einer Moorvernässung.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; mire ; peatland ; Wiedervernässung ; P ; nature conservation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: The long-term goals of fen restoration include climate, water, and natural areas protection. Depending on the characteristics of fen under consideration (size, landscape position, previous land use, current land use, presence of livestock), conflicts can arise as to which re-wetting strategies are most appropriate. These conflicts can be largely avoided by taking into account the following considering prior to fen re-wetting: (1) Restoration of large and highly degraded fens is mainly focused on climate protection (prevention of CO2 emission) and on reduction of nitrate non-point pollution of surface waters; whereas issues of potentially enhanced phosphorus export into adjacent surface waters and nature protection are only of minor importance. (2) Smaller and less degraded fens with an important current or potential livestock should be re-wetted with care under the point of view of nature protection. The re-wetting should be accompanied by biomass removal to support nutrient-poor conditions. (3) Particular care is needed if the fen is situated in a catchment with nutrient-poor lakes. In such cases, the risk of enhanced P export due to fen-rewetting must be minimised.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Aus langfristiger Sicht erfüllt eine Restaurierung von Niedermooren mit dem Ziel eines erneuten Moorwachstums alle Anforderungen der Aspekte Klimaschutz, Gewässerschutz und Naturschutz. In Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangssituation (Größe der Flächen, Einbettung in der Landschaft, vorangegangene Nutzungsintensität, noch vorhandenes moortypisches Arteninventar) und der Managementvariante der geplanten Wiedervernässung kann es in der Anfangsphase einer Moorrestaurierung zu konkurrierenden Zielstellungen kommen. Diese lassen sich jedoch schon in der Planungsphase vermeiden, wenn folgende Grundsätze berücksichtigt werden: (1) Die Restaurierung großer, stark degradierter Niedermoore kann in erster Linie mit Klimaschutzzielen (=CO2-Emissionsvermeidung) und mit Gewässerschutzzielen zum Nitratrückhalt begründet werden; Fragen potenziell erhöhter Austräge von Phosphor (P) in Gewässer und der (konservative) Naturschutz spielen in der Regel eine untergeordnete Rolle. (2) Kleinere, weniger degradierte Moore mit einem bedeutendem aktuellen oder potenziellen Arteninventar müssen aus der Sicht des Naturschutzes mit einem angepassten Management (z. B. vorsichtige Wasserstandsanhebung ohne Überstauung, Biomasseentzug) restauriert werden. (3) Besondere Vorsicht ist bei Moorwiedervernässungen gegeben, wenn im Abstrombereich nährstoffarme Seen liegen. In diesem Falle ist das Risiko erhöhter P-Austräge infolge der Restaurierungsmaßnahmen zu minimieren.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: report
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Wiedervernässung ; peatland ; nature conservation ; fen ; Niedermoor ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A slight deviation from Newtonian dynamics can lead to new effects associated with the concept of physical intelligence. Non-Newtonian effects such as deviation from classical thermodynamic as well as quantum-like properties have been analyzed. A self-supervised (intelligent) particle that can escape from Brownian motion autonomously is introduced. Such a capability is due to a coupling of the particle governing equation with its own Liouville equation via an appropriate feedback. As a result, the governing equation is self-stabilized, and random oscillations are suppressed, while the Liouville equation takes the form of the Fokker-Planck equation with negative diffusion. Non- Newtonian properties of such a dynamical system as well as thermodynamical implications have been evaluated.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-47165 , NASA Tech Briefs, August 2011; 27
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A mathematical formalism has been developed for predicting the postinstability motions of a dynamic system governed by a system of nonlinear equations and subject to initial conditions. Previously, there was no general method for prediction and mathematical modeling of postinstability behaviors (e.g., chaos and turbulence) in such a system. The formalism of nonlinear dynamics does not afford means to discriminate between stable and unstable motions: an additional stability analysis is necessary for such discrimination. However, an additional stability analysis does not suggest any modifications of a mathematical model that would enable the model to describe postinstability motions efficiently. The most important type of instability that necessitates a postinstability description is associated with positive Lyapunov exponents. Such an instability leads to exponential growth of small errors in initial conditions or, equivalently, exponential divergence of neighboring trajectories. The development of the present formalism was undertaken in an effort to remove positive Lyapunov exponents. The means chosen to accomplish this is coupling of the governing dynamical equations with the corresponding Liouville equation that describes the evolution of the flow of error probability. The underlying idea is to suppress the divergences of different trajectories that correspond to different initial conditions, without affecting a target trajectory, which is one that starts with prescribed initial conditions.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-30393 , NASA Tech Briefs, September 2003; 17-18
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A proposed quantum-computing algorithm would perform a search for an item of information in a database stored in a Hilbert-space memory structure. The algorithm is intended to make it possible to search relatively quickly through a large database under conditions in which available computing resources would otherwise be considered inadequate to perform such a task. The algorithm would apply, more specifically, to a relational database in which information would be stored in a set of N complex orthonormal vectors, each of N dimensions (where N can be exponentially large). Each vector would constitute one row of a unitary matrix, from which one would derive the Hamiltonian operator (and hence the evolutionary operator) of a quantum system. In other words, all the stored information would be mapped onto a unitary operator acting on a quantum state that would represent the item of information to be retrieved. Then one could exploit quantum parallelism: one could pose all search queries simultaneously by performing a quantum measurement on the system. In so doing, one would effectively solve the search problem in one computational step. One could exploit the direct- and inner-product decomposability of the unitary matrix to make the dimensionality of the memory space exponentially large by use of only linear resources. However, inasmuch as the necessary preprocessing (the mapping of the stored information into a Hilbert space) could be exponentially expensive, the proposed algorithm would likely be most beneficial in applications in which the resources available for preprocessing were much greater than those available for searching.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-30193 , NASA Tech Briefs, January 2003; 56
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The problem of global maxima of functionals has been examined. Mathematical roots of local maxima are the same as those for a much simpler problem of finding global maximum of a multi-dimensional function. The second problem is instability even if an optimal trajectory is found, there is no guarantee that it is stable. As a result, a fundamentally new approach is introduced to optimal control based upon two new ideas. The first idea is to represent the functional to be maximized as a limit of a probability density governed by the appropriately selected Liouville equation. Then, the corresponding ordinary differential equations (ODEs) become stochastic, and that sample of the solution that has the largest value will have the highest probability to appear in ODE simulation. The main advantages of the stochastic approach are that it is not sensitive to local maxima, the function to be maximized must be only integrable but not necessarily differentiable, and global equality and inequality constraints do not cause any significant obstacles. The second idea is to remove possible instability of the optimal solution by equipping the control system with a self-stabilizing device. The applications of the proposed methodology will optimize the performance of NASA spacecraft, as well as robot performance.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-46923 , NASA Tech Briefs, July 2011; 28
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A paper presents a theoretical investigation of subsonic and supersonic effects in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). The BEC is represented by a time-dependent, nonlinear Schroedinger equation that includes terms for an external confining potential term and a weak interatomic repulsive potential proportional to the number density of atoms. From this model are derived Madelung equations, which relate the quantum phase with the number density, and which are used to represent excitations propagating through the BEC. These equations are shown to be analogous to the classical equations of flow of an inviscid, compressible fluid characterized by a speed of sound (g/Po)1/2, where g is the coefficient of the repulsive potential and Po is the unperturbed mass density of the BEC. The equations are used to study the effects of a region of perturbation moving through the BEC. The excitations created by a perturbation moving at subsonic speed are found to be described by a Laplace equation and to propagate at infinite speed. For a supersonically moving perturbation, the excitations are found to be described by a wave equation and to propagate at finite speed inside a Mach cone.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-30637 , NASA Tech Briefs, February 2003; 17
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A proposed approach to control of noise and chaos in dynamic systems would supplement conventional methods. The approach is based on fictitious forces composed of expectations governed by Fokker-Planck or Liouville equations that describe the evolution of the probability densities of the controlled parameters. These forces would be utilized as feedback control forces that would suppress the undesired diffusion of the controlled parameters. Examples of dynamic systems in which the approach is expected to prove beneficial include spacecraft, electronic systems, and coupled lasers.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-41792 , NASA Tech Briefs, November 2006; 35
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