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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Solvent Dimethyl SulfoxideDedicated to Professor Alfred Rieche on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 318-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Dimethyl sulfoxide ; Solvents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dipolar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide is liquid over a wide range of temperatures, is a strong electron donor, and has a high polarity. It is therefore an excellent and selective solvent for many organic and even polymeric compounds, and can enter into H-bonding and dipole-dipole association. The structure of dimethyl sulfoxide, with a “hard” oxygen atom and a “soft” sulfur atom, leads to good solvation of cations and poor solvation of anions. Mixtures of alkoxides with dimethyl sulfoxide are therefore among the most strongly basic systems in organic chemistry, and are excellently suited for the deprotonation of weakly acidic OH, NH, and CH bonds, for eliminations, and for the initiation of polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.196703181
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Severe storm detection with passive 37 GHz observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The research objective was to determine the information content of satellite passive 37 GHz brightness temperatures on the severity of thunderstorms through the measurement of the attenuation (scattering) signature of precipitation. The severe storm detection potential of satellite-observed passive 37 GHz radiances was evaluated by comparing Nimbus-7 Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data to reports of severe weather contained in the NSSFC severe weather log for calendar years 1979 and 1980 over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Heavy thunderstorms have a characteristic signature in the form of localized very low 37 GHz T sub B from scattering by precipitation-size ice particles (thick cirrus being transparent at this frequency). The local noon and midnight snapshots taken by the SMMR on alternating days (with incomplete areal coverage of the U.S. on any given day) were scanned to find cases of strong scattering by precipitation, revealed by large differences between the 18 and 37 GHz brightness temperatures, the 37 GHz T sub B being at least 20 C lower than the 18 GHz T sub B. The value of the 37 GHz T sub b was then compared to severe weather reports within one hour of the SMMR observation time, in the vicinity of the SMMR-observed storm. It was found that the degree to which the T sub B were lowered was a fairly good indicator of the probability that the storm was severe. Of 263 storms observed by the SMMR during 1979 and 1980, 54 percent had severe weather associated with them for a T sub b below 203 K, while 8 percent of those above this threshold were severe.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Studies of lightning data in conjunction with geostationary satellite data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Since January, work has been proceeding on the first phase of this project: the creation of an extensive real-time lightning data base accessible via the Space Science and Engineering Center McIdas system. The purpose of this endeavor is two-fold: to enhance the availability and ease of access to lightning data among the various networks, governmental and research agencies; and to test the feasiblity and desirability of such efforts in succeeding years. The final steps in the creation of the necessary communications links, hardware, and software are in the process of being completed. Operations ground rules for access among the various users have been discussed and are being refined. While the research planned for the last year of the project will rely for the most part on archived, quality-controlled data from the various networks, the real-time data will provide a valuable first-look at potentially interesting case studies. For this purpose, tools are being developed on McIdas for display and analysis of the data as they become available. In conjunction with concurrent GOES real-time imagery, strike locations can be plotted, gridded and contoured, or displayed in various statistical formats including frequency distributions, histograms, and scatter plots. The user may also perform these functions in relation to arbitrarily defined areas on the satellite image. By mid-May these preparations for the access and analysis of real-time lightning data are expected to be complete.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 2 p
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    A life history method for estimating convective rainfall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The remote sensing of rain amounts is of great interest for a great variety of operational applications, including hydrology, hydroelectricity and agriculture is discussed. The microwave radiometer represents the most obvious technique, however, poor spatial and temporal resolution, together with the problems associated with the estimation of effective rain layer height make visible and IR techniques more promising at the present time. Based on bivariate frequency distribution of brightness versus temperature, brightness enhancing or infrared technique alone may be inadequate to deduce details of convective activity. It is implied that better estimates of rainfall will come from visible and IR observations combined than from either used alone. The technique identifies clouds with high probability of rain as those which have large optical and presumably physical thickness as measured by the visible albedo in comparison with their height, determined by the intensity of the IR emission.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
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  • 5
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    Visible and infrared techniques (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Time-dependent indexing schemes and time-dependent life-history techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 10 p
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    TRMM-related research: Tropical rainfall and energy analysis experiment (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The overall science objective of the participation in TRMM is the determination of daily rainfall and latent heating in the tropical atmosphere using TRMM and complementary spacecraft observations. The major focus these first three years has been to extend, in space and time, the TRMM satellite observations of rainfall. Observations from TRMM active and passive microwave radiometers will provide the fundamental observations for understanding the hydrological cycle of the tropics. Due to the orbit of the TRMM satellite and the extreme variability of convective rain systems, the TRMM observations provide rainfall estimates representative of a one month period. Monthly mean rainfall rates provide valuable information; however, this time scale limitation neglects the great value of the data towards a better understanding of the physics of tropical convection. Many tropical periodicities will not be characterized by these monthly averages, e.g. diurnal cycles, the 4-6 day easterly waves, and the 30 to 60 day cycle. In the spatial domain, due to its orbit, the TRMM satellite will over-fly many convective systems only once. Indeed, some precipitating systems will not be sampled at all. Observations from geostationary satellites can be used to extend the TRMM observations to smaller time and space scales. Although geostationary satellites cannot probe the interiors of precipitating systems, they do observe their life cycles. To acquire information on cloud water content and rain rate, it is proposed to combine geostationary and other satellite observations with the TRMM satellite measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-195834 , NAS 1.26:195834
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Satellite microwave radiances correlated with radar rain rates over land (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The characteristics of upwelling microwave radiation from raindrops as measured by satellite sensors are examined. The scanning multichannel microwave radiometers on board the Nimbus 7 and Seasat satellites have the capability of quantifying the perpendicularly polarized antenna temperatures at 37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz. The instruments scan the earth at a constant 50 deg angle to the surface with a footprint that varies from 20-70 km. Radar rainfall measurements have an accuracy of within 60 percent, whereas a series of test measurements using SMMR data in comparison with radar data for rainfall in the same areas showed that the microwave data depicted rainfall rates with less than 1.55 mm/h error. Details of the rainfall rate algorithms used to treat the satellite microwave data are provided, noting that the identification of rainfall rates is dependent on quantifying the amount the upwelling radiance is reduced due to rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 304; July 14
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Shallow convection on day 261 of GATE - Mesoscale arcs (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cloudy convection in the moist layer of a cloud cluster growing in the GATE ship array is examined. Analyses suggest that the moist layer was dominated by features of horizontal dimension roughly 40 km and lifetime roughly 2 h, with arc patterns triggered by dense downdraft air accompanying rainfall, and composed of many small cumulus clouds. Aircraft recorded data on thermodynamic quantities and winds, indicating that the arcs persisted as mesoscale circulations driven by the release of latent heat in the clouds, rather than being driven by the original density current at the surface. It is also suggested that the mesoscale cloud patterns of the moist layer play a primary role in heat transfer upward within this layer, and contribute to the forcing of showering midtropospheric clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Heavy thunderstorms observed over land by the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Brightness temperatures obtained through examination of microwave data from the Nimbus 7 satellite are noted to be much lower than those expected on the strength of radiation emanating from rain-producing clouds. Very cold brightness temperature cases all coincided with heavy thunderstorm rainfall, with the cold temperatures being attributable to scattering by a layer of ice hydrometeors in the upper parts of the storms. It is accordingly suggested that brightness temperatures observed by satellite microwave radiometers can sometimes distinguish heavy rain over land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; June 198
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Deep convection on day 261 of GATE (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The structural features of the deep convection observed on September 18, 1974, day 261 of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), as the ridge axis of a 700 mb wave passed the center of the GATE B-scale network are reported. Satellite and aircraft maps indicate the presence of clouds penetrating above 2.5 km into the middle troposphere organized in bands about 9 km apart and aligned roughly along the direction of the wind shear in the cloud layer. Radar echoes corresponding to cumulus convection of lifetime, peak height and peak rainfall rates on the orders of 30 min, 6 km and 1.3 mm/h, respectively, were observed to triple in number density as convergence at 950 hPa increased from 1.5 to 3 x 10 to the -5th/sec. The structural features of the radar echoes indicate that the day was similar to a mesoscale precipitation feature of Leary and Houe (1979), with the cluster consisting of many echoes appearing in succession. Data from aircraft penetrations of the deep convection reveal downdrafts accompanying the precipitation and updrafts immediately to their south. Shipboard and rawinsonde observations show that the convective downdrafts brought down air of low pseudo-equivalent potential temperature, with local surface convergence of up to 0.001/sec. Mean wind shears through the cloud layer to the top of a main cloud layer are found to be only 75% greater than those of Malkus (1958) for the Caribbean, with shears just above the cloud base several factors larger.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Feb. 198
    Format: text
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