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  • OCEANOGRAPHY  (24)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (6)
  • 1
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    Multisensor comparison of ice concentration estimates in the marginal ice zone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Aircraft remote sensing data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, passive microwave imagery at several frequencies, aerial photography, and spectral photometer data. The comparison is carried out not only to evaluate SAR performance against more established techniques but also to investigate how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect estimates made by each sensor.Active and passive microwave sensor estimates of ice concentration derived using similar algorithms show an rms difference of 13 percent. Agreement between each microwave sensor and near-simultaneous aerial photography is approximately the same (14 percent). The availability of high-resolution microwave imagery makes it possible to ascribe the discrepancies in the concentration estimates to variations in ice surface signatures in the scene.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6843-685
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  • 2
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    Variations of mesoscale and large-scale sea ice morphology in the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment as observed by microwave remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The data acquired during the summer 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait-Greenland Sea marginal ice zone, using airborne active and passive microwave sensors and the Nimbus 7 SMMR, were analyzed to compile a sequential description of the mesoscale and large-scale ice morphology variations during the period of June 6 - July 16, 1984. Throughout the experiment, the long ice edge between northwest Svalbard and central Greenland meandered; eddies were repeatedly formed, moved, and disappeared but the ice edge remained within a 100-km-wide zone. The ice pack behind this alternately diffuse and compact edge underwent rapid and pronounced variations in ice concentration over a 200-km-wide zone. The high-resolution ice concentration distributions obtained in the aircraft images agree well with the low-resolution distributions of SMMR images.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6805-682
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  • 3
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    Time-dependence of sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction in the Arctic Basin (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Microwave images of sea ice obtained by Nimbus-5 and the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory are used to determine the time variation of the sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction within the pack ice in the Arctic Basin. The images, constructed from data acquired from the electrically scanned microwave radiometer, are analyzed for four seasons during 1973-1975. Observations indicate significant variations in the sea-ice concentration in the spring, late fall, and early winter. Sea-ice concentrations as low as 50% were detected in large areas in the interior of the Arctic polar sea-ice pack. The applicability of passive-microwave remote sensing for monitoring the time dependence of sea-ice concentration is considered.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
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  • 4
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    Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A microwave remote sensing program of sea ice in the Beaufort Sea was conducted during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX). Several types of both passive and active sensors were used to perform surface and aircraft measurements during all seasons of the year. In situ observations were made of physical properties (salinity, temperature, density, surface roughness), dielectric properties, and passive microwave measurements were made of first-year, multiyear, and first-year/multiyear mixtures. Airborne passive microwave measurements were performed with the electronically scanning microwave radiometer while airborne active microwave measurements were performed by synthetic aperture radar, X- and L-band radar, and a scatterometer.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
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  • 5
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    Arctic sea-ice variations from time-lapse passive microwave imagery (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper presents: (1) a short historical review of the passive microwave research on sea ice, which established the observational and theoretical base permitting the interpretation of the first passive microwave images of earth obtained by the Nimbus-5 ESMR; (2) the construction of a time-lapse motion picture film of a 16-month set of serial ESMR images to aid in the formidable data analysis task; and (3) a few of the most significant findings resulting from an early analysis of these data, using selected ESMR images to illustrate these findings.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
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  • 6
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    A statistical examination of Nimbus-7 SMMR data and remote sensing of sea surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere and surface wind speed (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) brightness temperature measurements over the global oceans have been examined with the help of statistical and empirical techniques. Such analyses show that zonal averages of brightness temperature measured by SMMR over the oceans on a large scale are primarily influenced by the water vapor in the atmosphere. Liquid water in the clouds and rain, which has a much smaller spatial and temporal scale, contributes substantially to the variability of the SMMR measurements within the latitudinal zones. The surface wind not only increases the surface emissivity, but through its interactions with the atmosphere produces correlations in the SMMR brightness temperature data that have significant meteorological implications. It is found that a simple meteorological model can explain the general characteristics of the SMMR data. With the help of this model, methods to infer over the global oceans, the surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere, and surface wind speed are developed. Monthly mean estimates of the sea surface temperature and surface winds are compared with the ship measurements. Estimates of liquid water content in the atmosphere are consistent with earlier satellite measurements. Previously announced in STAR as N83-19187
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 2023-203
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  • 7
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    Spectral characteristics of the microwave emission from a wind-driven foam-covered sea (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aircraft observations of the microwave emission from the wind-driven foam-covered Bering Sea substantiate earlier results and show that the combination of surface roughness and white water yields a significant microwave brightness temperature dependence on wind speed over a wide range of microwave wavelengths, with a decreasing dependence for wavelengths above 6 cm. The spectral characteristic of brightness temperature as a function of wind speed is consistent with a foam model in which the bubbles give rise to a cusped surface between the foam and the sea. In the fetch-limited situation the contribution of the wave structure at the surface appears to increase as the foam coverage decreases. Although the data show that the thin streaks are the most important part of the white water signature, there is some evidence for the contribution of whitecaps.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 20
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  • 8
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    Climatological aspects of Nimbus-7 SMMR data (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An algorithm was developed for calculating simultaneously SSTs, SWs, and TAUs on a global basis using only the 6.6 and 18 GHz channels of the SMMR. Samples of the retrievals were calculated in each of eight of the SMMR years and found to produce independent results, consistent with weather charts and climatic records, even in the presence of high winds. Another new algorithm for calculating high-latitude scalar winds from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data was devised and tuned with surface observations from a number of documented Arctic Polar Low events. The algorithm utilizes the horizontally and vertically polarized radiances from the 0.8 and 1.7 cm wavelength channels of the ten-channel SMMR to retrieve near surface oceanic scalar winds and cloud water in the column, and takes advantage of the relatively small fluctuations in atmospheric water vapor at high latitudes. An advantage of this algorithm for high latitude winds from SMMR over the global algorithm is an inherently better spatial resolution as a result of the shorter wavelengths used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Laboratory for Oceans; p 143-145
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Determination of sea ice parameters with the Nimbus 7 SMMR (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of determining sea ice parameters using Nimbus 7 polarized multispectral radiance data obtained with the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) is presented. Observed radiances from selected areas in the Arctic region for the period February 3-7, 1979 were used in computing algorithm coefficients. Polar maps of sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature are illustrated for this period. The variation of the mean and standard deviation of ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction for a region of perennial ice cover over the first 11 months of SMMR operation is also presented. Comparisons are made between the calculated sea ice parameters and information obtained from previous studies using aircraft, submarine and surface observations. The absolute accuracy of the SMMR parameters remains uncertain.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 5355-536
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  • 10
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    Sea surface temperatures from Nimbus-7 SMMR radiances (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Global displays of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are obtained with spatial sampling intervals as small as 50 km rather than the 150 km spacing normally used for such retrievals. An example is illustrated using a composite global SMMR data set for January 1979, a preliminary version of the SST retrieval algorithm, and a sampling interval of 100 km. The results were found to be in qualitative agreement with in situ and climatic data, insofar as such comparisons were attempted. In addition to the expected climatic patterns, the global oceanic isotherms contain oscillations that are clearly not instrumental but geophysical in nature.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 336-340
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