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  • 1
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    A porous stainless steel membrane system for extraterrestrial crop production (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A system was developed in which nutrient flow to plant roots is controlled by a thin (0.98 or 1.18 mm) porous (0.2 or 0.5 microns) stainless steel sheet membrane. The flow of nutrient solution through the membrane is controlled by adjusting the relative negative pressure on the nutrient solution side of the membrane. Thus, the nutrient solution is contained by the membrane and cannot escape from the compartment even under microgravity conditions if the appropriate pressure gradient across the membrane is maintained. Plant roots grow directly on the top surface of the membrane and pull the nutrient solution through this membrane interface. The volume of nutrient solution required by this system for plant growth is relatively small, since the plenum, which contains the nutrient solution in contact with the membrane, needs only to be of sufficient size to provide for uniform flow to all parts of the membrane. Solution not passing through the membrane to the root zone is recirculated through a reservoir where pH and nutrient levels are controlled. The size of the solution reservoir depends on the sophistication of the replenishment system. The roots on the surface of the membrane are covered with a polyethylene film (white on top, black on bottom) to maintain a high relative humidity and also limit light to prevent algal growth. Seeds are sown directly on the stainless steel membrane under the holes in the polyethylene film that allow a pathway for the shoots.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN 0018-5345); Volume 25; 6; 707
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  • 2
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    Effect of 16 and 24 hours daily radiation (light) on lettuce growth (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A 50% increase in total radiation by extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 hr doubled the weight of all cultivars of loose-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) 'Grand Rapids Forcing', 'Waldmanns Green', 'Salad Bowl', and 'RubyConn', but not a Butterhead cultivar, 'Salina'. When total daily radiation (moles of photons) was the same, plants under continuous radiation weighed 30% to 50% more than plants under a 16 hr photoperiod. By using continuous radiation on loose-leaf lettuce, fewer lamp fixtures were required and yield was increased.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN 0018-5345); Volume 21; 1; 123-4
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  • 3
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    Comparison of fluorescent and high-pressure sodium lamps on growth of leaf lettuce (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Radiation from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps provided more than a 50% increased yield (fresh and dry weight of tops) of loose-leaf lettuce cultivars Grand Rapids Forcing and RubyConn, compared to that obtained by radiation from cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps at equal photosynthetic photon flux; yet, input wattage was approximately 36% less. It was postulated that the considerable output of 700 to 850 nm radiation from the HPS lamp was a significant factor of the increased yield. Under HPS lamps, the leaves of both cultivars were slightly less green with very little red pigmentation ('RubyConn') and slightly elongated, compared to CWF, but plant productivity per unit electrical energy input was vastly superior with HPS.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN 0018-5345); Volume 22; 3; 424-5
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  • 4
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    CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space Center (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The CELSS Breadboard Project is described, noting that it was initiated to study aspects of a CELSS for long-term space missions. Topics for extensive investigation included air and water regeneration, engineering control, and food production. The many options available for growing food crops in commercial plant growth chambers were investigated and the best of this information was translated to the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC). The chamber contains 20 sq m of crop growing area under 96 400 W HPS lamps; sixteen 0.25 sq m plant growth trays used on each of four growing shelves for a total of 64 trays; and one 256-L nutrient solution reservoir with the appropriate continuous-flow, thin-film plumbing for each shelf. A heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system maintains atmospheric conditions and serves to distribute oxygen and carbon dioxide and maintain pressure at 12 mm of water. The control and monitoring subsystem, which uses a programmable logic controller, manages the BPC subsystems.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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  • 5
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    A review of recent activities in the NASA CELSS program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) is a device that utilizes photosynthetic organisms and light energy to regenerate waste materials into oxygen and food for a crew in space. The results of theoretical and practical studies conducted by investigators within the CELSS program suggest that a bioregenerative life support system can be a useful and effective method of regenerating consumable materials for crew sustenance. Experimental data suggests that the operation of a CELSS in space will be practical if plants can be made to behave predictably in the space environment. Much of the work currently conducted within the CELSS program centers on the biological components of the CELSS system. The work is particularly directed at ways of achieving high efficiency and long term stability of all components of the system. Included are explorations of the conversion of nonedible cellulose to edible materials, nitrogen fixation by biological and chemical methods, and methods of waste processing. It is the intent of the presentation to provide a description of the extent to which a bioregenerative life support system can meet the constraints of the space environment, and to assess the degree to which system efficiency and stability can be increased during the next decade.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 4, 19
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  • 6
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    Engineering verification of the biomass production chamber (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The requirements for life support systems, both biological and physical-chemical, for long-term human attended space missions are under serious study throughout NASA. The KSC 'breadboard' project has focused on biomass production using higher plants for atmospheric regeneration and food production in a special biomass production chamber. This chamber is designed to provide information on food crop growth rate, contaminants in the chamber that alter plant growth requirements for atmospheric regeneration, carbon dioxide consumption, oxygen production, and water utilization. The shape and size, mass, and energy requirements in relation to the overall integrity of the biomass production chamber are under constant study.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center, The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Volume 2; p 537-542
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    A review of recent activities in the NASA CELSS program (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) is a device that utilizes photosynthetic organisms and light energy to regenerate waste materials into oxygen and food for a crew in space. The results of studies with the CELSS program suggest that a bioregenerative life support system is a useful and effective method of regenerating consumable materials for crew sustenance. The data suggests that the operation of a CELSS in space is practical if plants can be made to behave predictably in the space environment. Much of the work centers on the biological components of the CELSS system. Ways of achieving high efficiency and long term stability of all components of the system are examined. Included are explorations of the conversion of nonedible cellulose to edible materials, nitrogen fixation by biological and chemical methods, and methods of waste processing. A description is provided of the extent to which a bioregenerative life support system can meet the constraints of the space environment, and the degree is assessed to which system efficiency and stability can be increased during the next decade.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Controlled Ecological Life Support System: Regenerative Life Support Systems in Space; p 51-55
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Plant growth chamber M design (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Crop production is just one of the many processes involved in establishing long term survival of man in space. The benefits of integrating higher plants into the overall plan was recognized early by NASA through the Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. The first step is to design, construct, and operate a sealed (gas, liquid, and solid) plant growth chamber. A 3.6 m diameter by 6.7 m high closed cylinder (previously used as a hypobaric vessel during the Mercury program) is being modified for this purpose. The chamber is mounted on legs with the central axis vertical. Entrance to the chamber is through an airlock. This chamber will be devoted entirely to higher plant experimentation. Any waste treatment, food processing or product storage studies will be carried on outside of this chamber. Its primary purpose is to provide input and output data on solids, liquids, and gases for single crop species and multiple species production using different nutrient delivery systems.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems; p 119-128
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Criteria for evaluating experiments on crop production in space (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Consideration is given to the development of criteria for successful CELSS experiments on crop production in space. Also, the development of a standard procedure to produce a given expected yield is examined. Factors influencing the success of CELSS experiments are discussed, including environmental limits to growth, efficient use of resources, data collection sensitivity, stress, and the space in which the experiment is performed. The implications of the study for designing CELSS food production systems are noted.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: SAE PAPER 891569
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Shuttle Orbiter Atmospheric Revitalization Pressure Control Subsystem (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Atmospheric Revitalization Pressure Control Subsystem (ARPCS) provides oxygen partial pressure and total pressure control for the habitable atmosphere of the Shuttle for either a one atmosphere environment or an emergency 8 PSIA mode. It consists of a Supply Panel, Control Panel, Cabin Pressure Relief Valves and Electronic Controllers. The panels control and monitor the oxygen and nitrogen supplies. The cabin pressure relief valves protect the habitable environment from overpressurization. Electronic controllers provide proper mixing of the two gases. This paper describes the ARPCS, addresses the changes in hardware that have occurred since the inception of the program; the performance of this subsystem during STS-1 and STS-2; and discusses future operation modes.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: SAE PAPER 820882
    Format: text
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