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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (523)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (219)
  • TERENO Northeast  (103)
  • TERrestrial ENvironmental Observatories  (102)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid-crystalline side-group polyesters with definite lengths of the main-chain spacers (1992)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 193 (1992), S. 2581-2588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New liquid-crystalline polyesters 1 with 4-(phenylazo)azobenzene moities as mesogenic side groups and a polyester backbone structure characterized by a systematic variation of the length of the flexible non-mesogenic main-chain segments were synthesized. The polyesters were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, miscibility studies and X-ray diffraction. With increasing number of methylene groups in the backbone spacer, the thermal stability of the nematic and/or smectic phases first decreases and then increases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1992.021931008
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of radical trapping reagents upon formation of poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) polyelectrolytes by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2223-2231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene) ; poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) ; poly(para-phenylene vinylene) ; para-xylylene ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethane ; radical polymerization ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weights were studied by gel permeation chromatography of derivatized poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride produced by aqueous or methanolic base-induced polymerization of 1,4-bis(tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzene dichloride, both with and without a variety of added polymerization inhibiting agents. Efficient radical scavenging agents such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl and hydrogen atom donor 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylaniline reduced the degree of polymerization of the reactive α-(tetrahydrothiophenium chloride)-para-xylylene intermediate produced in this chemistry, and in some cases completely suppressed formation of high polymer. These two traps did not affect the equilibrium production of the para-xylylene by UV-Vis spectral analysis; hence they must affect the subsequent polymerization chain propagation steps in the mechanism. Electron spin resonance studies of polymerization in the presence of 0.00025 equiv of TEMPO showed disappearance of the spin label, a result consistent with a radical scavenging process. The results suggest that production of high molecular weight poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride proceeds through a radical chain propagation sequence. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301018
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Para-Xylylenes and analogues by base-induced elimination from 1,4-bis-(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene salts in poly(1,4-arylene vinylene) synthesis by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2233-2240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: para-xylylenes ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethanes ; conducting polymers ; poly(arylene vinylene)s ; poly(phenylene vinylene)s ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: para-Xylylenes are generated by treatment of various 1,4-bis(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene dihalides with base in water, methanol, and aqueous acetonitrile, as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This procedure allows the monitoring of the transient xylylene monomers that yield polyelectrolyte precursor polymers for poly(arylene vinylene)s, formed by variations of the chemistry developed originally by Wessling and co-workers. Alkoxy, alkyl, and halogen ring substituents on the sulfonium salt precursors do not greatly affect the ability to generate and observe the growth and decay of steady-state concentrations of the para-xylylene intermediates. Use of strong resonance-acceptor substituents - such as cyano or nitro - on the ring reduces production of a strong para-xylylene absorption, possibly due to reluctance of the ylides initially formed from the bis-sulfonium salts to eliminate to the xylylenes. By variation of UV-Vis conditions, it was found that use of 20% aqueous acetonitrile rather than water allowed formation of low to modest molecular weight polyelectrolytes in cyano-substituted cases (Mw = 8000-37,000). Use of UV-Vis test experiments should be useful for screening of bis sulfonium salt precursors that may be expected to give high molecular weight polyelectrolytes - in cases where para-xylylene formation is easy - as well as for finding reaction conditions that will optimize polymer formation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301019
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candidate biomarkers for applications as intermediate end points of lung carcinogenesis (1992)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 50 (1992), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: carcinogenesis ; chemoprevention ; intermediate end point ; biomarkers ; differentiation ; growth factors ; lung cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The need for validate intermediate end point markers to facilitate lung cancer chemointervention research is competing. Three major classes of lung markers are relevant for this application. Since lung cancer includes four distinct hitologies, markers that map degrees of histologic differentiation are important. Many of the markers for squamous differentiation overlap with the candidates for application in the study of head and neck cancer. Production of tissue-specific cell product especially for surfactant or CEA is of interest, because the gene structure is known and many differentiation-related polymorphisms exist. This strategy would be useful for adenomatous type of tissue. A second type of marker is the broad group of differentiation markers. The carbohydrates or blood group-like antigens comprise a representative example. Carbohydrate structures are expressed in a specific sequence during fetal processes, and this sequence appears to reverse with the development of a cancer. Retrodifferentiation of specific differentiation markers is the basis of a major effort to effect earlier lung cancer detection using sputum immunocytochemistry. The final class includes markers which affects either positive or negative aspects of growths. Candidates in this area include growth factors or their receptors or genes that regulate growth. If the intermediate end point marker reflects tumor biology and is in that casual path of tumor progression, serial observation of that parameter should indicate the success of the intervention. In all three of these examples the clinical material to be analyzed could be sputum specimens bonrchial biopsies or resected lung tissue. Systematic analysis of these markers in context of intervention trials required to validate their utility. Long term clinical follow up will demonstrate the degree of concordance between biomarkers and more traditional clinical trial end points and will establish if such tools can play a role in catalyzing the rate of prevention research. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240501131
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospective trial evaluating immunocytochemical-based sputum techniques for early lung cancer detection: Assays for promotion factors in the bronchial lavage (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: To confirm the results of a previous report on the use of monoclonal antibodies in immunocytochemical assays of sputums for the early detection of lung cancer, we designed a new prospective trial in an independent clinical trial population. Since well-characterized Stage I resected non-small cell lung cancer patients have a low rate of tumor relapse and a high (1-3%/year) chance of developing a second primary lung cancer, they comprise a very favorable group for conducting an early lung cancer detection trial. The rate of new lung cancer is about 10-fold in excess of a standard “high” risk population of smokers.To optimize the chance for a favorable outcome, all of the technical components for the trial have been systematically evaluated to ensure that optimal procedures are employed. For example, automated immunostaining of the sputum specimens will be performed.Bronchial lavages will be analyzed in a subset of the trial participants to define additional targets for early lung cancer detection. Two markers will be quantitated, including gastrin releasing peptide and peptidyl glycine α-amidating monooxygenase activity. These two markers assess the epithelium's capacity to produce growth factors which may be central to the biology of tumor promotion. Since these assays have not been performed in this context before, we attempted to optimize the specimen handling to permit the receipt of the material from a range of collaborating clinical sites in a condition that permits accurate quantitation of these two biomarkers.Efforts to standardize the assay endpoint stimulated the development of computer-assisted methods of immunocytochemical analysis. An algorithm for image analysis was developed as a result of systematic analysis of a range of potentially quantifiable assay endpoints with a panel of teaching cases. When a sampling of the original immunostained material from the first monoclonal antibody-based early lung cancer detection report was reanalyzed using the image analysis algorithm, a 90% concurrence with the original immunostaining interpretation was observed. These results suggest that there was an objective basis to the first report and that image analysis can greatly refine the process of early lung cancer detection research.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural characterisation of nanocrystalline GaN prepared by detonations of gallium azides (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic polyamides. I. Poly-p-xylyleneterephthalamide: Synthesis, fiber spinning, and characterization (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2535-2538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170151022
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic polyamides. II. Synthesis, wet-spinning, and fiber thermal characterization of poly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide) and copolymers with 4,4′-oxydianiline or isophthalic acid (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 2141-2149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide) (coded A-202) was prepared from 4,4′-diaminooxanilide (DAO) and terephthaloyl chloride (TCI) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/5% LiCl and DMAc (5% LiCl)/hexamethylphosphorictriamide (HMPA) solvents. Fiber with tenacity/elongation/modulus at 1% extension (t/e/m) of 5.2 grams per denier (gpd)/1.9%/316 gpd was obtained. The all-para A-202 tended to precipitate from solution. More soluble copolyamides were prepared from DAO and TCl in combination with either 4,4′-oxydianiline (A-202/ODA) or isophthaloyl chloride (A-202/I) in DMAc (5%LiCl). A-202/ODA solutions were spun to fiber with t/e/m of 11.2 gpd/6%/217 gpd; A-202/I gave fiber with t/e/m of 6.4 gpd/1.3%/432 gpd. Dynamic mechanical analyses (Vibron) and dilatometric measurements of A-202, A-202/ODA, and A-202/I showed no glass transition temperature below 200°C. Differential thermal analyses (DTA) revealed no transitions below 400°C. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) at 15°C/min exhibited substantially no weight loss in air at temperatures up to 400°C.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170160904
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic polyamides. III. Copoly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide - 4,4′-phenyleneterephthalamide): Synthesis, wet-spinning, fiber thermal characterization, and stability in sulfuric acid (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 2151-2157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copoly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide - 4,4′-phenyleneterephthalamide) (A-202/PPD) was synthesized by reaction of 4,4′-diaminooxanilide, p-phenylenediamine, and terephthaloyl chloride in organic solvents. Copolymer inherent viscosities in H2SO4 as high as 10.3 were obtained. Isotropic copolymer solutions (4% - 5% concentration) of A-202/40%-80% PPD were spun to fibers with tenacity/elongation/modulus at 1% extension in the 13-14 gpd/1.5%-2%/700-1000 gpd range. Oxamide and amide stabilities in 98-100% H2SO4 and 20% oleum were compared. Poly(4,4′-oxanilideterephthalamide) (A-202), A-202/PPD copolymers, and poly(4,4′-phenyleneterephthalamide) (PPT) were unstable in 20% oleum, but all proved relatively stable in 100% H2SO4. However, the oxamide linkage proved less stable than the amide linkage in 98% H2SO4. A-202 and A-202/PPD copolymers formed stable anisotropic spinning solutions in 1% oleum at 10-20% concentrations. Dynamic mechanical analyses (Vibron) showed no glass transition temperature (Tg) below 200°C. Dilatometric measurement of A-202/50% PPD revealed a Tg at 257°C. Differential thermal analyses of A-202/40-80% PPD exhibited endotherms at 470-480°C. Thermogravimetric analyses showed no significant weight loss below 400°C.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170160905
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodegradation of polyethylene film (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 6 (1968), S. 2921-2934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A structure occurs in radical-polymerized polyethylene which leads to formation of a triene on ultraviolet radiation. An inhibition of oxidative processes is observed while the triene or its precursor are being consumed. Subsequent formation of oxygenated products - hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl - is well behaved and arises from short wavelenght light. A crosslinking reaction is initiated by light of ∼4000 Å wavelength.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.150061019
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