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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (29)
  • Life Sciences (General)  (5)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (5)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The artificial nuclease activity of (OP)2Cu+ and H2O2 has been used to analyze the DNA conformation of single-stranded DNA form the coliphage M-13, and the B-type DNA of the promoter region of the lac operon. Despite the strong kinetic preference of the reaction of B-DNA, demonstrated with synthetic polynucleotides, the reagent cannot distinguish the double-stranded hairpin turns in M-13 from the extensive single-stranded region because the latter forms metastable hydrogen-bonded structures that are readily cleaved.Analyses of the promoter regions of the lac operon of the wild-type and of the Ps and UV-5 mutations have demonstrated that the promoter-specific sequence (Pribnow Box), extending from positions -12 to -6, exhibits a charactersitc hyperreactivity to the reagent. The wild-type DNA has hypersensitive sites at the boundary of the region, at positions -13 and -12. The Ps and UV-5 mutations, which support cyclic AMP protein-independent transcription, have mutations at -9, and -9 and -8, respectively, and possess additional hyperreactive sites calibrated at -11 and -10 in the sequence. These experiments demonstrate that the local structure of the DNA of the these control regions is different. The unique structure of the promoter may govern recognition of the DNA by RNA polymerase. The artifical nuclease activity of (OP)2Cu+ may therefore be useful to identify functionally significant local variation in DNA structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 31 (1991), S. 1087-1094 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet hyperchromicity experiments indicate that in DNA duplex formation, a C-T mismatch is destabilizing in the center of a duplex, but behaves as a stable base pair at the terminus of a duplex. The C-T base pair is thought to contain two hydrogen bonds, but has thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° and ΔG° of dissociation) that are similar to a G-C base pair. AMBER molecular mechanics calculations were performed to study the possible structural properties of DNA duplexes with central and terminal C-T combinations. These calculations also indicate that a central C-T pair destabilizes a duplex, while terminal C-T forms a stable base pair. Hydrogen bonding between cytosine and thymine occurs only in the energy-minimized structures when the helix diameter decreases and the propeller twist angle between the bases increases. These changes are found to occur only at the end of a duplex in the calculations, which may explain the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: diffusional encounter ; Brownian dynamics ; average Boltzmann factor ; acetylcholinesterase ; Poisson-Boltzmann ; electrostatics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The utility of the average Boltzmann factor around the active site of an enzyme as the predictor of the electrostatic enhancement of the substrate binding rate is tested on a set of data on wild-type acetylcholinesterase and 18 charge mutants recently obtained by Brownian dynamics simulations. A good correlation between the average Boltzmann factors and the substrate binding rate constants is found. The effects of single charge mutations on both the Boltzmann factor and the substrate binding rate constant are modest, i.e., 〈5 fold increase or decrease. This is consistent with the experimental results of Shafferman et al. but does not support their suggestion that the overall rate of the catalytic reaction is not limited by the diffusional encounter of acetylcholinesterase and its substrate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 355-360, 1998
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1571-1576 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerizations of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl methacrylate (1a), p-tolyl methacrylate (1b), p-cyclohexylphenyl methacrylate (1c), and p-methoxyphenyl methacrylate (1d) were carried out up to conversions higher than 99%. The kinetics of the process was followed by the refractometric technique using a He-Ne laser as light source. The influence of the concentration of initiator on the appearing of the gel effect was examined, taking the polymerization of 1a as an example.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of new poly({6-[4-(4-cyanophenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}-co-{6-[4-(4- cyanophenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}) are reported. Their liquid-crystalline properties are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The glass transition temperatures and the clearing points can be influenced by variation of the copolymer composition. The substances offer a relatively broad temperature range of mesomorphic properties suitable for photochemical studies.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 10 (1985), S. 499-509 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Concentrated latices form the end-product of emulsion polymerisation processes. The structural arrangement of the particles in such latices and the interactions between them determine the bulk behaviour of the system. The use of small angle neutron scattering to determine the structure factor for concentrated latices is discussed and the form of the radial distribution function and its dependence on electrolyte concentration and volume fraction for electrostatically stabilised system described. In addition, the correlation between the structure factor, a microscopic property, and the shear modulus, a bulk property, is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1579-1584 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper it was shown that the vulcanization obtained with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer is equivalent or superior to that obtained with ethylene-propylene copolymer when a peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent cure system was used. In order to determine the effect of the unsaturation on the physical properties in the terpolymer, the terpolymer had been hydrogenated to remove the double bonds. Infrared spectra and bromination were used to check the extent of hydrogenation. Tensile strength, Shore A hardness, per cent elongation, and modulus indicated no decrease in vulcanization efficiency after hydrogenation. The data show that the unsaturation in the terpolymer does not contribute to the vulcanization cure with the peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent curing system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 250 (1997), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An investigation was performed with the aim of ascertaining how a digested sewage sludge could be converted into mechanically stable flocs through the addition of a flocculating agent, while achieving the best possible dewatering efficiency with the lowest possible dosage of flocculation agent. In order to obtain conclusive results which can be transferred to large-scale plants, the effectiveness of the flocculating agents and the various flocculation procedures were tested in a patented, mobile, computer-assisted flocculation and dewatering apparatus.The sewage sludge was conditioned with flocculating agents which had previously been thoroughly characterized in terms of their chemical structure, charge density and molar mass. The cationic flocculating agents had charge densities ranging from 25-55 mol-% and molar masses from 1.5 · 106-12.9 · 106 g mol-, whereas the anionic flocculating agent had a charge density of 36 mol-% and a molar mass of 7.6 · lo6 g mol-. In contrast to other suspensions already investigated, for sewage sludge it was found that no improvement can be achieved in the already very high dewatering level when cationic monoflocculation is used (laboratory trial: 95% filtrate yield by mass after 4 s). Nor was it possible to reduce the optimum dosage by using the dual procedure. In addition, it was possible to show that the chemical structure, i.e. the nature of the polyelectrolyte, and the molar mass of the cationic polyelectrolytes investigated exert a by far larger influence on the dewatering efficiency than the charge density in a range between 25 and 55 mol-%. Furthermore, it has also been observed that the conditioning efficiency of the polyelectrolytes increases as the molar mass rises and the chemical structure influences the dewatering result primarily through the position of the charge-bearing group.
    Notes: Es wurde untersucht, wie ein ausgefaulter Klärschlamm durch eine optimale Flockungshilfsmittelzugabe zu mechanisch stabilen Flocken umgesetzt werden kann, so daß bei möglichst geringem Eintrag eine bestmögliche Entwässerung erzielt wird. Um dazu aussagekräftige, auf großtechnische Anlagen übertragbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten, wurde die Effektivität der Flockungshilfsmittel und der unterschiedlichen Flockungsverfahren in einer patentierten, mobilen, rechnergestützten Flockungs- und Entwässerungsapparatur getestet.Der Klärschlamm wurde im Mono- und Dualverfahren mit bezüglich ihrer chemischen Struktur, Molmasse und Ladungsdichte (LD) eingehend charakterisierten kationischen (LD: 25-55 mol-%; Mw: 1,5 · 106- 12,9 · 106 g mol-1) und einem anionischen (LD: 36 mol-%; Mw: 7,6 · 106 g mol-1) Flockungshilfsmittel konditioniert. Im Gegensatz zu anderen bereits untersuchten Trüben konnte beim Klärschlamm weder eine Verbesserung der ohnehin sehr guten Entwässerbarkeit mittels kationischer Monoflockung (Laborversuch: 95 Gew.-% Filtratausbeute nach 4 s), noch eine Verringerung der optimalen Einsatzmengen durch die Anwendung des Dualverfahrens erzielt werden. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, daß die chemische Struktur und die Molmasse der untersuchten kationischen Polyelektrolyte einen weit größeren Einfluß auf die Entwässerungseffektivität besitzen als die Ladungsdichte in einem Bereich zwischen 25 und 55 mol-%. Ferner erwies sich, daß die Konditionierungseffektivität der Polyelektrolyte mit steigender Molmasse zunimmt und die chemische Struktur hauptsächlich durch die Position der ladungstragenden Gruppe einen Einfluß auf das Entwässerungsergebnis zeigt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Brownian dynamics simulations ; acetylcholinesterase ; electrostatic attraction ; active site gorge ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is known that anionic surface residues play a role in the long-range electrostatic attraction between acetylcholinesterase and cationic ligands. In our current investigation, we show that anionic residues also play an important role in the behavior of the ligand within the active site gorge of acetylcholinesterase. Negatively charged residues near the gorge opening not only attract positively charged ligands from solution to the enzyme, but can also restrict the motion of the ligand once it is inside of the gorge. We use Brownian dynamics techniques to calculate the rate constant kon for wild type and mutant acetylcholinesterase with a positively charged ligand. These calculations are performed by allowing the ligand to diffuse within the active site gorge. This is an extension of previously reported work in which a ligand was allowed to diffuse only to the enzyme surface. By setting the reaction criteria for the ligand closer to the active site, better agreement with experimental data is obtained. Although a number of residues influence the movement of the ligand within the gorge, Asp74 is shown to play a particularly important role in this function. Asp74 traps the ligand within the gorge, and in this way helps to ensure a reaction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 465-474, 1998
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 15 (1994), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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