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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (4,179)
  • 1
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    Images of Venus by three-station radar interferometry - 1977 results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the 1977 inferior conjunction of Venus, radar observations were made using three receiving stations as a multiple interferometer. Maps of surface reflectivity and altimetry were prepared from these observations. The new altimetry maps show considerable improvement in relation to many of the earlier maps made using the two-station interferometer. In particular, there are consistent and explainable correlations between the altimetry and reflectivity maps that did not always exist in the past. The highest-resolution maps (about 8 km) show three isolated mountains having altitudes of approximately 2 km above their environs, a pair of ridges separated by approximately 100 km and extending 800 km, and a few anomalous reflectivity features for which little or no altitude change is observed. Other maps at slightly lower resolution show a bright irregular ringed crater, a few large low-reflectivity regions, a shallow crater 150 km in diameter, a gently sloping mountain, and a short ridge running north-south. Many of the later features have been seen in earlier radar maps and should be useful in refining the spin axis and further characterizing the regolith of certain areas of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 2
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    Measurements of Cl-36 in Antarctic meteorites and Antarctic ice using a Van de Graaff accelerator (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The paper presents measurements of cosmic-ray produced (Cl-36) in Antarctic meteorites and ice using a Van de Graaff accelerator as an ultrasensitive mass spectrometer. Results from this ion counting technique are used to support a two-stage irradiation model for the Yamato-7301 and Allan Hills-76008 meteorites and to show a long terrestrial age for Allan Hills-77002. Yamato-7304 has a terrestrial age of less than 0.1 m.y., and the (Cl-36) content of the Antarctic ice sample from the Yamato mountain is consistent with levels expected in currently depositing snow implying that the age of the ice cap at this site is less than on (Cl-36) half-life.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 45; 2; Nov. 197
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  • 3
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    The 'soil' of Mars /Viking 1/ (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The immediate environs of the Viking 1 lander are described, and the techniques employed to deduce the properties of the two different 'soil' types there are summarized. It is shown that the surface in the immediate vicinity of the lander consists of an area with fine-grained materials ('Sandy Flats') and a rocky area set in a matrix of finer-grained material ('Rocky Flats'). Estimates are given for the bulk density, particle density, particle size distribution, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and penetration resistance of the surface layer in each area. Footpad penetration into the surface layer is discussed, and wind removal of particles is examined. It is concluded that the surface layer of the Viking 1 landing site contains loess, dune sand, lunar nominal soil, lag gravel, and bare rock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 4
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    Relationships between topographic roughness and aeolian processes (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The interaction between winds and desert surfaces has important implications for sediment transport on Earth, Mars, and Venus, and for understanding the relationships between radar backscatter and aerodynamic roughness as part of the NASA Shuttle Imaging radar (SIR-C) Mission. Here, researchers report results from measurements of boundary layer wind profiles and surface roughness at sites in Death Valley and discuss their implications. The sites included a flat to undulating gravel and sand reg, alluvial fans, and a playa. Estimates of average particle size composition of Death Valley sites and arithmetic mean values of aerodynamic roughness are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1990; p 195-197
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Rate of wind abrasion on Mars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief description is given of the experiments performed to obtain data on windblown particles and abrasion of rocks in a simulated Martian environment. Preliminary results are presented and combined with Viking meteorological data in estimating rates of wind abrasion at the VL-1 site on Mars. Attention is also given to the implications that the results have for Martian surface history. Calculations of the present rates of abrasion by windblown particles on Mars yield values ranging from 0.021 cm/yr to nearly zero, depending on the target, the agent of abrasion, and the availability of windblown particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 6
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    Physical properties of the Martian surface from the Viking 1 lander - Preliminary results (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Examination of the erosion of the surface of Mars caused by the descent engines of the Viking 1 lander indicates that the soil is stronger and/or denser than the 'lunar nominal' soil (an artificially produced soil with a particle size distribution similar to results for lunar soils obtained by Apollo 11) used in preflight site alteration tests. There is further evidence to suggest that the finer grains are not as small as those of the lunar nominal material, and that the soil under the lander footpads is relatively stiff. The crater, depressions, and ejecta associated with the impact of a latch pin which fell from the surface sampler are consistent with terrestrial soils with very low cohesions, small grain size, and a density of 1.2 to 1.7 g/cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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  • 7
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    An upper bound to the lightning flash rate in Jupiter's atmosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Lewis (1980) examined Voyager optical measurements and low-frequency radio-wave observations related to lightning discharges in Jupiter's atmosphere using whistler measurements from the plasma-wave system and a specific set of assumptions. Estimates of the average planetary lightning stroke rate were found to be from 0.04 to 0.0001 flashes per square kilometer per year. In the present paper, the planetary lightning rate is demonstrated to be as high as several tens of flashes per square kilometer per year. The same whistler data are used; however, different physical assumptions about the source area, including whistler paths and whistler amplitude distributions are incorporated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 213; Aug. 7
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  • 8
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    Surface erosion caused on Mars from Viking descent engine plume (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the Martian landings the descent engine plumes on Viking Lander 1 (VL-1) and Viking Lander 2 (VL-2) eroded the Martian surface materials. This had been anticipated and investigated both analytically and experimentally during the design phase of the Viking spacecraft. This paper presents data on erosion obtained during the tests of the Viking descent engine and the evidence for erosion by the descent engines of VL-1 and VL-2 on Mars. From these and other results, it is concluded that there are four distinct surface materials on Mars: (1) drift materials, (2) crusty to cloddy material, (3) blocky material, and (4) rock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 23; Nov. 198
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  • 9
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    Surface materials of the Viking landing sites (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present paper, the soil characteristics at the Viking sites are discussed in terms of bulk density, particle size, angle of internal friction, cohesion, and moisture content. At the Viking Lander-1 site, there is a relatively weak drift material, along with more cohesive materials of a rocky area, and rocks. A variety of materials are present also at the Lander-2 site. Moisture content is low as compared to terrestrial soils. Current estimates of some of the physical properties are tabulated and discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 10
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    Far-infrared and submillimeter observations of the planets (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Broadband observations in several passbands between 30 and 500 microns of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are presented. The best agreement between the data and various thermal models of Mars, Jupiter, and Uranus is obtained with a slightly cooler absolute temperature scale than that previously adopted by Armstrong et al. (1972). The effective temperature of Uranus is 58 + or - 2 K, which is in agreement with its solar equilibrium temperature. The existence of an internal energy source for Saturn has been reconfirmed; its output must lie within the range of 0.9 to 3.2 times the absorbed solar flux. A depression exists in the spectra of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus between 80 and 300 microns, which may be a result of NH3 opacity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; July 197
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