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  • 1
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    Neptune - Limb brightening within the 7300-Angstrom methane band (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 41; Mar. 198
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Saturn - UBV photoelectric pinhole scans of the disk (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: UBV photoelectric pinhole scans of Saturn's disk are reported. The data are interpreted by using elementary radiative-transfer models to describe scattering in the atmosphere above the visible haze layer. Limits are placed on the optical thickness of the region above the haze, and the results are discussed in terms of the probable structure of Saturn's upper atmosphere. It is shown that a model involving conservative Rayleigh scattering by hydrogen molecules above an opaque haze or cloud deck provides a satisfactory quantitative description of the scattering properties of Saturn's upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 37; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Infrared thermal models for Saturn's ring (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Infrared (10 and 20 microns) thermal emission data for Saturn's rings are discussed in terms of simple isothermal radiative transfer models of finite optical thickness. Recent brightness temperature measurements, corresponding to essentially maximum ring tilt, indicate that optical single scattering albedos less than 0.75 are required to provide sufficient heating of the ring material. Reconciliation with analyses of the optical scattering properties of the ring requires the backscattering efficiency to be even higher than for a macroscopic sphere. Historical brightness temperature measurements are used to show that no unique isothermal ring model exists. Instead, a temperature gradient perpendicular to the ring plane appears to be present.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 27; Apr. 197
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  • 4
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    Illumination of Saturn's ring by the ball. I - Preliminary results (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Indirect solar illumination of Saturn's ring via scattering from the ball of the planet provides a new ground-based observational technique for studying the single scattering albedo and phase function of the individual particles. Information concerning optical thickness may also be obtained. Essentially complete phase angle coverage can be achieved by studying the variation with azimuth of the indirect contribution to the surface brightness of the ring. Initial application of the technique is reported. The indirect contribution to the radiation scattered from the ring has been marginally detected by electronographic areal photometry. The results have been interpreted using simple scattering models. The photometric accuracy was insufficient to permit investigation of departures from isotropic scattering. But high single scattering albedos, and an essentially opaque ring, are indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 25; May 1975
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  • 5
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    Saturn's rings and Pioneer 11 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Quantitative predictions of the diffuse reflection and transmission properties of Saturn's rings, relevant to the September 1979 Pioneer 11 flyby, are presented. Predictions are based on an elementary anisotropic scattering model. Interparticle separations are considered to be sufficiently large that mutual shadowing is negligible. Likely ranges in both the single scattering albedo and perpendicular optical thickness of the ring are considered. Situations of pronounced back-scattering and of isotropic scattering are treated individually. Spacecraft measurement of the radiation suffering diffuse scattering by the ring can provide a useful test of the basic ring model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 6
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    Saturn - UBV photoelectric pinhole scans of the disk. II (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the 1980 Saturn apparition, UBV pinhole scans of the disk were obtained with a photoelectric area-scanning photometer. An analysis of these data reveals that the atmosphere of Saturn can be represented by a finite clear H2 layer overlying a semiinfinite absorbent aerosol haze. The extent of the clear H2 region appears to be latitude-dependent; the H2 column density varies systematically from about 15 km-am over the equatorial and polar regions to about 31 km-am at temperate latitudes. A previous conclusion that the aerosol haze is strongly absorbent in the UV is confirmed; its effective U-band single-scattering albedo is about 0.4. Latitudinal disk structure at visual wavelengths appears to be the result of local variations in the volume density of absorbent particles in the aerosol layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 44; Dec. 198
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  • 7
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    Optical scattering properties of Saturn's ring. II (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 8
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    Uranus - Limb and polar brightening at 7300 A (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pinhole photoelectric area-scanning photometry of the Uranus disk demonstrates directly the existence of both limb and polar brightening in the 7300 A CH4 band. Polar brightening, which appears to be present also at continuum wavelengths, is interpreted as being caused by scattering in a thin aerosol haze located over the polar region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 9
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    Limb brightening on Uranus - The visible spectrum (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for pinhole and slit narrowband photoelectric area-scanning photometry of the Uranus disk at eight central wavelengths ranging from 5600 to 7500 A. The observations were undertaken to detect limb brightening on the planet and to study the nature of its disk profile as a function of geometrical albedo. A coarse analysis of the results shows that the disk must exhibit limb brightening in the two CH4 bands at 6190 and 7300 A relative to all other wavebands investigated. Except for the two CH4 bands, the shapes and widths of the images are found to be essentially identical; point-spread-function data for all wavebands indicate no significant variation in the representative Gaussian l/e width with wavelength. A fine analysis of the data reveals absolute limb brightening in the 7300-A CH4 band and absolute limb darkening in the adjacent wavebands. These results are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that clouds are absent from the visible atmosphere of Uranus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Sept
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  • 10
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    Uranus - Narrow-waveband disk profiles in the spectral region 6000 to 8500 Angstroms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New narrow-band (100 A) photoelectric slit scan photometry of Uranus has been obtained in the spectral region 6000 to 8500 A. Coarse radial intensity profiles in seven wavebands are presented. Results of the investigation confirm earlier studies of limb brightening on the Uranus disk, but not all strong CH4 absorption bands are found to exhibit limb brightening. Specifically, the CH4 bands at 8000 and 8500 A show pronounced apparent limb darkening. Polar brightening may be responsible for the phenomenon. If so, an aerosol haze with a local optical thickness of approximately 0.5 or greater would be required. Visibility of the dense cloud layer located deep in the atmosphere might also cause apparent limb darkening. If so, the maximum permitted CH4/H2 mixing ratio in the visible atmosphere would correspond to 3 times the solar value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 38; May 1979
    Format: text
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