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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (7)
  • PHYSICS, GENERAL  (1)
  • 1
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    Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance and color of the Martian sky and soil and the spectral reflectance of soil features are estimated from six-channel (0.4-1.0 micron) spectral data obtained with the Viking lander cameras. Images taken near local noon from the two landers reveal a sky that is brighter near the horizon than the soil but with a similar spectral radiance shape and color. The scenes are predominantly moderate yellowish brown in color with only subtle variations except for some dark grey rocks. Most spectral reflectance estimates are similar: they rise rapidly with increasing wavelength between 0.4 and 0.8 micron and with only a few exceptions exhibit a pronounced minimum centered about 0.93 micron. These characteristics are consistent with an abundance of Fe(3+)-rich weathering products, notably nontronite. However, the delineation of the number and abundances of total mineral phases requires further analyses and laboratory comparisons. Reflectance estimates for rocks have not been repeatable, probably because most rocks have irregular pitted surfaces that introduce significant shadowing components.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Three Mars years - Viking Lander 1 imaging observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Mutch Memorial Station (Viking Lander 1) on Mars acquired imaging and meteorological data over a period of 2245 martian days (3.3 martian years). This article discusses the deposition and erosion of thin deposits (ten to hundreds of micrometers) of bright red dust associated with global dust storms, and the removal of centimeter amounts of material in selected areas during a dust storm late in the third winter. Atmospheric pressure data acquired during the period of intense erosion imply that baroclinic disturbances and strong diurnal solar tidal heating combined to produce strong winds. Erosion occurred principally in areas where soil cohesion was reduced by earlier surface sampler activities. Except for redistribution of thin layers of materials, the surface appears to be remarkably stable, perhaps because of cohension of the undisturbed surface material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 222; 463-468
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Analysis of condensates formed at the Viking 2 lander site - The first winter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Relative surface albedo, spectral reflectance estimates and a limited photometric function are reduced from Viking 2 lander data obtained during a 249 Mars day period, in the lander's first year, when a light ground covering appeared on the surface. During the deposition, surface broadband albedo more than doubled and blue reflectance increased by a factor of 4.0. Comparison of lander data with earlier laboratory measurements of CO2 and H2O frosts and snows shows that reflectance estimates do not resemble either of those solids. The condensate reflectance resembles that of the surface after the covering disappeared. The covering may have been colored by dust which fell before it, by dust mixed with it, or by dust on top of it; but the data strongly support a mixture of dust with H2O and CO2 solids. The covering thickness is estimated to be between 0.5 and a few millimeters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 47; Aug. 198
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Viking lander imaging investigation during extended and continuation automatic missions. Volume 1: Lander 1 picture catalog of experiment data record (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: All images returned by Viking Lander 1 during the extended and continuation automatic phases of the Viking Mission are presented. Listings of supplemental information which describe the conditions under which the images were acquired are included together with skyline drawings which show where the images are positioned in the field of view of the cameras. Subsets of the images are listed in a variety of sequences to aid in locating images of interest. The format and organization of the digital magnetic tape storage of the images are described as well as the mission and the camera system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-RP-1068 , L-14054-VOL-1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Viking lander imaging investigation during extended and continuation automatic missions. Volume 2: Lander 2 picture catalog of experiment data record (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Images returned by the two Viking landers during the extended and continuation automatic phases of the Viking Mission are presented. Information describing the conditions under which the images were acquired is included with skyline drawings showing the images positioned in the field of view of the cameras. Subsets of the images are listed in a variety of sequences to aid in locating images of interest. The format and organization of the digital magnetic tape storage of the images are described. A brief description of the mission and the camera system is also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-RP-1068-VOL-2 , L-14054
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    One Mars year - Viking lander imaging observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The imaging systems on board the two Viking landers have documented eolian processes and condensate formation on the Martian surface during the first Mars year of operation. During the winter, the formation of what appeared to be solid H2O and CO2 at the Viking 2 lander site was noted. The condensate formation suggested that solar radiative heating dominates atmospheric conductive heating on Mars. In addition, the Viking observations indicated that Martian surface erosion due to dust distribution may be lower than previously thought.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 204; May 25
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Conclusion of Viking Lander Imaging Investigation: Picture catalog of experiment data record (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The images returned by the two Viking landers during the Viking Survey Mission are presented in this report. Listing of supplemental information which describe the conditions under which the images were acquired are included. Subsets of the images are listed in a variety of sequences to aid in locating images of interest. The format and organization of the digital magnetic tape storage of the images are described. A brief description of the mission and the camera system is also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-RP-1137 , L-15925 , NAS 1.61:1137
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Optical analysis of a compound quasi-microscope for planetary landers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A quasi-microscope concept, consisting of facsimile camera augmented with an auxiliary lens as a magnifier, was introduced and analyzed. The performance achievable with this concept was primarily limited by a trade-off between resolution and object field; this approach leads to a limiting resolution of 20 microns when used with the Viking lander camera (which has an angular resolution of 0.04 deg). An optical system is analyzed which includes a field lens between camera and auxiliary lens to overcome this limitation. It is found that this system, referred to as a compound quasi-microscope, can provide improved resolution (to about 2 microns ) and a larger object field. However, this improvement is at the expense of increased complexity, special camera design requirements, and tighter tolerances on the distances between optical components.
    Keywords: PHYSICS, GENERAL
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7414 , L-9001
    Format: application/pdf
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