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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (23)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (5)
  • peroxyacetyl nitrate  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An optimized method for airborne peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) measurements (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 22 (1995), S. 303-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: peroxyacetyl nitrate ; gas-chromatographic optimization ; airborne measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a gas-chromatographic method for PAN measurements in the background atmosphere, which has been adapted to the special requirements of aircraft based campaigns. The instrument is installed in a 1.21 m high, 19 inch rack which has a total weight of 70 kg and a power consumption of 750 VA. The gas chromatograph is equipped with a commercial liquid injector and a valve system for injection of gaseous samples. The gas-inlet system allows automatic injection of samples with defined and constant mass, independent from ambient pressure variations. Two different methods are used for calibration: Liquid PAN calibration samples and a diffusion source for gas-phase calibrations. Both methods have reproducibilities better than 90% and agree with each other to better than 85%. An optimum selectivity of the gas-chromatographic separation is obtained by a combination of two short megabore capillary columns of different polarity. The flow rates are 15 cm3/min, the column temperature is 26°C. For detection an electron-capture detector, operated at 30°C, is used. To allow a reliable control of these relatively low temperatures the instrument is equipped with peltier cooling. To avoid baseline or signal drifts caused by pressure variations in the aircraft cabin an electronic control of the system pressure is integrated into the instrument. The lower limit of detection is better than 15 ppt (3 σ), the time needed for one measurement is less than 4 min. Preliminary results from a flight campaign conducted in June 1994 demonstrate the suitability of the instrument for airborne PAN measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696640
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Measurements During the POPCORN Campaign (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 31 (1998), S. 139-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: peroxyacetyl nitrate ; rural measurements ; odd oxygen radicals ; photochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the POPCORN campaign between 3 and 24 August 1994 we measured peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a rural area of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (North-Eastern Germany) above a corn field. A total of about 5000 PAN measurements were carried out within the three weeks of the campaign. Measured PAN mixing ratios ranged from below the detection limit of 10 ppt up to an afternoon maximum of 1 ppb. The mean value of all data was 140 ppt. The daily mean PAN mixing ratios were typically in the range of 50 to 250 ppt, but during a clean air episode PAN mixing ratios of well below 40 ppt were observed. The characteristic relative diurnal variation of the PAN mixing ratios with a late night/early morning minimum and an afternoon maximum persisted during these episodes. The daily averages of the PAN mixing ratios showed clear episodic variations which coincided with the duration of typical synoptic episodes of two to six days duration. Based on the measurements of the various parameters determining the PAN formation and destruction rates, the local budget for PAN was calculated. During daytime the calculated net photochemical formation rate of PAN was nearly always significantly higher than the observed change of the PAN concentration. This demonstrates that substantial amounts of PAN (often in the range of several hundred ppt/h) were exported from the corn field. The resulting removal of NOx to some extent effects the budget of nitrogen oxides (NOx), but the export of odd oxygen radicals in the form of PAN during daytime often amounted up to 30–50% of the OH-radical formation by ozone photolysis. Thus the importance of PAN as reservoir and transport medium for odd oxygen radicals can be very substantial and may have a significant impact on the budget and distribution of odd oxygen radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006004031055
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bestimmung des in Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes mit o-Tolidin (1950)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 22 (1950), S. 542-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die zur Zeit bekannten mit o-Tolidin arbeitenden Bestimmungsmethoden für in Wasser gelösten Sauerstoff werden kritisch betrachtet. An Hand von Vergleichsbestimmungen nach Winkler wird die Genauigkeit überprüft und daraus die Brauchbarkeit für die Wasseranalyse abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330222305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auswahl von Fluorkunststoffen Diskussion zu “Veränderung von Stahloberflächen durch Reibung” (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 3 (1972), S. 318-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19720030611
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oberflächenbeschichtung durch thermisches Spritzen (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 4 (1973), S. 76-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal spraying. Thermal spraying in comparison with other coating techniques is characterized by a broad variability of base and spraying materials. After a brief description of actually used equipments some coating properties are summarized. Thermally sprayed special metal will become interesting in near future from commercial and technical point of view. With those metals homogeneous coatings can be produced without porosity.
    Notes: Das thermische Spritzen zeichnet sich gegenüber anderen Verfahren zur Oberflächenbeschichtung durch die Vielfältigkeit der verwendbaren Grund- und Spritzwerkstoffe aus. Neben einer Beschreibung gegenwärtig eingesetzter Geräte wird kurz auf den Schichtaufbau eingegangen. Wirtschaftlich und technisch von besonderem Interesse werden in naher Zukunft thermisch gespritzte Schichten aus Sondermetallen sein, die sich unter Schutzgas porenfrei und homogen erzeugen lassen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19730040206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interdisziplinäre Entwicklung eines künstlichen Kniegelenks (Kniegelenks-Endoprothese) in Kunststoff-Metall-KombinationsbauweiseVortrag anläßlich des 4. Darmstädter Kunststoff-Kolloquiums vom 17. bis 19. Feb. 1975. (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 6 (1975), S. 290-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Interdisciplinary development of an artificial knee joint endoprosthesis as a “combined plastic-metal-construction”.Endoprostheses for joints of the human locomotor apparatus under certain indications serve as permanent implants for eliminating painful changes of joints (e. g. arthrosis) as well as for restoration of essential joint functions (e. g. knee bending).The complexe correlation of biological-physiological factors and problems concerning materials and nature of load requires the adequate interdisciplinary co-operation of orthopaedic surgeons and engineers.On example of the prototype development of a total prosthesis for the knee joint the biomechanical conditions are sketched by means of the kinematics, statics, dynamics and tribology of normal natural joints (hip and knee) as a basis for the derivation of compensational functions.Already existing models are discussed, and the conception as well as the construction and production of the prototype of an artificial knee joint (“hinge joint-principle”) as a combined “plastic-metal-system” is described.
    Notes: Endoprothesen für Gelenke des menschlichen Bewegungsapparates dienen als Dauerimplante bei bestimmter Indikation zur Beseitigung schmerzhafter Gelenksveränderungen (z. B. Arthrosen) sowie zur Wiederherstellung wesentlicher Gelenkfunktionen (z. B. Kniebeugung).Das komplexe Zusammenwirken biologisch-physiologischer und stofflich-beanspruchungsmäßiger Einflußfaktoren macht die adäquate Zusammenarbeit von Ärzten und Ingenieuren erforderlich.Am Beispiel der Prototyp-Entwicklung einer Kniegelenks-Totalendoprothese werden die biomechanischen „Randbedingungen“ anhand Kinematik, Statik, Dynamik und Tribologie natürlicher Gelenke (Knie, Hüfte) als Basis für das Ableiten von Ersatzfunktionen skizziert. Bereits bestehende, beispielgebende Ersatzfunktionen werden diskutiert und die darauf begründete Konzeption und Gestaltung eines künstlichen Kniegelenks in Kunststoff-Metall-Kombinationsbauweise („KMK“) dargestellt, bei dem versucht wird, die Vorteile bisheriger Konstruktionen zu nutzen und Nachteile soweit möglich zu eliminieren.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19750060903
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berichte über Tagungen und Messen (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 3 (1972), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19720030212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gestaltung gewölbter Körper am Beispiel spritzgegossener Halbkugelschalen aus Thermoplasten (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 17 (1986), S. 38-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19860170110
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beurteilung des Motorenverschleißes zur Bewertung von Motorenölen (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 1 (1970), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of wear in internal combustion engines for evaluating of motor oilsFor evaluating the wear performance of motor oils the objective determination of the actual extent of wear is especially difficult, for the process of wear is rather complex. This is above all applicable to cylinder wear, for often it is impossible to distinguish definitely between wear and deformation. Because the direction of maximum wear at several tests must not be maintained exactly and because it is difficult to find exactly the same point for measurement at comparison tests, there must as possible carried out circumferential measurements and generatrix measurements for the determination of maximum wear. For defining an allowable maximum wear in specifications there must stated some tolerances, otherwise in critical cases an unjustified classifying of several motor oils may not be excluded.
    Notes: Bei der Beurteilung des Verschleißverhaltens von Motorenölen ist infolge des komplexen Verschleißvorganges in Verbrennungsmotoren die objektive Bestimmung eines absoluten Verschleißmaßes besonders erschwert. Dies gilt vor allem für den Zylinderverschleiß, da es oft unmöglich ist, Verschleiß und Verformung eindeutig voneinander zu trennen. Da die Richtung des maximalen Verschleißes bei verschiedenen Versuchen nicht exakt gleich bleiben muß und es bei Vergleichsmessungen nicht leicht ist, stets die gleiche Meßstelle exakt einzuhalten, sollten möglichst Rundummessungen und Mantellinienmessungen vorgenommen werden, um daraus auf den Maximalverschleiß zu schließen. Deshalb sind bei der Festlegung eines zulässigen Maximalverschleißes in Spezifikationen Toleranzen anzugeben, da in Grenzfällen sonst eine ungerechte Einordnung der Öle nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19700010302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertigungsmöglichkeiten von Faserverbundwerkstoffen des Types Metall-Graphit durch Strangpressen (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Extrusion Manufacturing Possibilities of Fibre Composite Materials like the Combination Metal/GraphiteThese paper discusses the possibilities of manufacturing composite materials by common extrusion of envelope tubes and wrapped wires. Experimental results are given and analysed from the material combination graphite/metal.If a great lot of thin wrapped wires are concentrated in an envelope tube (“multi-core” coextrusion), perfect indirect coextrusion only will be possible, if the compound billet is compacted before extrusion. If few thick wrapped wires are concentrated in an envelope tube (“polycore” coextrusion), perfect indirect coextrusion is possible without compacting the compound billet before extrusion. Through indirect reiterate extrusion, using always the same tools and the same small extrusion ratio, it is possible to get a good product only by extrusion. Hydrostatic “multi-core” coextrusion is possible without compacting the compound billet, but the billet preparation needs more work. The envelope tube must have a solid top with the same angle like the die. It is effective to use dies with small angles. The manufacturing of wrapped wires only by extrusion is possible and effective. All variations of extrusion are available for employment.There is no difference in structure between products manufacturing by “multi-core” coextrusion or by drawing.From the geometrical configuration of the wrapped wires in the envelope tube results a different structure by use of indirect reiterate coextrusion.
    Notes: Möglichkeiten der Verbundwerkstoffherstellung durch Strangpressen von Manteldrahtbündeln werden erörtert und am Beispiel der Werkstoffkombination Metall/Graphit experimentell untersucht.Werden dünne Manteldrähte in großer Anzahl in einem Hüllrohr gebündelt (Vieldrahtverbundpressen), so ist ein indirektes Verbundpressen dann möglich, wenn der Block vorkompaktiert wird.Werden relativ dicke Manteldrähte in geringer Anzahl in einem Hüllrohr gebündelt (Mehrdrahtverbundpressen), so ist ein indirektes Verbundpressen ohne Vorkompaktierung des Blockes möglich.Durch wiederholtes indirektes Strangpressen im gleichen Werkzeugsatz läßt sich bei kleinen geometrischen Verpressungsverhältnissen ein Produkt zufriedenstellender Qualität ausschließlich durch Strangpressen herstellen.Ein hydrostatisches Vieldrahtpressen ist auch ohne Blockvorkompaktierung möglich, jedoch erfordert die Blockvorbereitung dadurch größeren Aufwand, daß das Hüllrohr eine angearbeitete, dem Matrizenwinkel angepaßte, Spitze besitzen muß. Bei diesem Verfahren ist es zweckmäßig, Matrizen kleinen Einlaufwinkels zu verwenden.Die Manteldrahtherstellung durch Strangpressen ist möglich und zweckmäßig. Alle Varianten des Strangpressens können hierzu herangezogen werden.Die erzielbaren Verbundwerkstoffstrukturen entsprechen beim Vieldrahtpressen in ihrer Gleichmäßigkeit denen, die bei der Fertigung durch Ziehen erhalten werden. Diese ausgezeichnete Geometrie wird beim Wiederholungspressen nicht ganz erreicht.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19810120804
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