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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-05-17
    Description: Variations in the absorption spectra of cone photopigments over the spectral range of about 530 to 562 nanometers are a principal cause of individual differences in human color vision and of differences in color vision within and across other primates. To study the molecular basis of these variations, nucleotide sequences were determined for eight primate photopigment genes. The spectral peaks of the pigments specified by these genes spanned the range from 530 to 562 nanometers. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of these eight pigments suggest that three amino acid substitutions produce the approximately 30-nanometer difference in spectral peaks of the pigments underlying human red-green color vision, and red shifts of specific magnitudes are produced by replacement of nonpolar with hydroxyl-bearing amino acids at each of the three critical positions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neitz, M -- Neitz, J -- Jacobs, G H -- EY-02052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY-07200/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 17;252(5008):971-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1903559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Color Perception ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Photoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Retinal Pigments/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2007-03-24
    Description: Changes in the genes encoding sensory receptor proteins are an essential step in the evolution of new sensory capacities. In primates, trichromatic color vision evolved after changes in X chromosome-linked photopigment genes. To model this process, we studied knock-in mice that expressed a human long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cone photopigment in the form of an X-linked polymorphism. Behavioral tests demonstrated that heterozygous females, whose retinas contained both native mouse pigments and human L pigment, showed enhanced long-wavelength sensitivity and acquired a new capacity for chromatic discrimination. An inherent plasticity in the mammalian visual system thus permits the emergence of a new dimension of sensory experience based solely on gene-driven changes in receptor organization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobs, Gerald H -- Williams, Gary A -- Cahill, Hugh -- Nathans, Jeremy -- EY002052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1723-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Color Perception/*genetics ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Electroretinography ; Female ; Genetic Engineering ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Light ; Male ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Primates/genetics/physiology ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Retinal Pigments/*genetics/*physiology ; X Chromosome/genetics ; X Chromosome Inactivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tetraamido aluminate ; sodium tetraamido gallate ; crystal structure ; IR spectra ; thermal behaviour ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Redetermination of Structure and Properties of the Isotypic Sodium Tetraamido Metallates of Aluminium and GalliumCrystals for x-ray structure determination of NaAl(NH2)4 and NaGa(NH2)4 were obtained by the reaction of the metals with ammonia in autoclaves at 100°C and P(NH3) = 60 bar within 7 days. The compounds crystallize isotypic in the space group P21/c with Z = 4 NaAl(NH2)4 a = 7.328(2) Å, b = 6.047(2) Å, c = 13.151(3) Å, β = 94.04(1)° NaGa(NH2)4 a = 7.4087(8) Å, b = 6.0917(5) Å, c = 12.855(2) Å, β = 92.10(1)°The structures were refined inclusively all H-positions of the amide ions. The ternay amides are furthermore characterized by their IR spectra and their thermal behaviour.
    Notes: Für röntgenographische Strukturbestimmungen geeignete Kristalle von NaAl(NH2)4 und NaGa(NH2)4 wurden durch Umsetzung der Metalle mit NH3 in Autoklaven bei 100°C und P(NH3) = 60 bar in 7d erhalten. Die Verbindungen kristallisieren isotyp in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 4 NaAl(NH2)4 a = 7,328(2) Å, b = 6,047(2) Å, c = 13,151(3) Å, β = 94,04(1)° NaGa(NH2)4 a = 7,4087(8) Å, b = 6,0917(5) Å, c = 12,855(2) Å, β = 92,10(1)°Die Strukturen wurden einschließlich aller H-Lagen der NH2--Ionen bestimmt. Die ternären Amide werden außerdem IR-spektroskopisch und bezüglich ihres thermischen Verhaltens charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Potassium diamido dioxosilicate ; rubidium diamido dioxosilicate ; cesium diamido dioxosilicate ; crystal structures ; IR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Alkali Metal Diamido Dioxosilicates M2SiO2(NH2)2 with M ≙ K, Rb and CsSiO2 - α-quartz - reacts with alkali metal amides MNH2 (M ≙ K, Rb, and Cs) in molar ratios from 1:2 to 1:10 at 450°C ≤ T ≤ 600°C and P(NH3) = 6 kbar in autoclaves to diamidodioxosilicates M[SiO2(NH2)2]. Crystals of the colourless compounds which hydrolyze rapidly were investigated by x-ray methods. Following data characterize the structure determination on the isotypic compounds: The structures of the diamidodioxosilicates are closely related to the β—K2SO4 type. They contain isolated [SiO2(NH2)2]2- ions. K+ ions and hydrogen bridge bonds N—H…O (with 2.68 Å ≤ d(N…O) ≤ 2.78 Å for the K compound) connect the tetrahedral anions.
    Notes: SiO2 - α-Quarz - reagiert mit Alkalimetallamiden MNH2 (M ≙ K, Rb und Cs) im Molverhältnis 1:2 bis 1:10 bei 450°C ≙ T ≙ 600°C und P(NH3) = 6 kbar in Hochdruckautoklaven zu Diamidodioxosilicaten M2SiO2(NH2)2. Kristalle der farblosen, sehr hydrolyseempfindlichen Verbindungen wurden röntgenographisch untersucht. Folgende Daten charakterisieren die Strukturbestimmungen an den isotypen Verbindungen: Die Struktur der Diamidodioxosilicate ist eng verwandt mit dem β-K2SO4-Typ. Es liegen isolierte [SiO2(NH2)2]2--Ionen vor, die durch K+-Ionen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen N—H…O (mit 2,68 Å ≤ d(N…O) ≤ 2,78 Å für M ≙ K) verknüpft sind.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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