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  • Palladium  (7)
  • Hetero Diels-Alder reactions  (6)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereoselectivity ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Enamino ketones ; High-pressure kinetics ; Pyrans, dihydro- ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Diastereoselektivität und Kinetik intermolekularer Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktionen unter hohem Druck. Eine Signifikante Druckinduzierte Erhöhung der StereoselektivitätDie Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktion der Enaminoketone 5a-d mit Ethylvinylether (2) in Dichlormethan- und Heptan/Isodurol-Lösung zu den Dihydropyranen 6a-d and 7a-d unter hohem Druck bis 7 kbar und 0.5 bis 130°C wird beschrieben. Die Kinetik wurde hierbei durch quantitative FT-IR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Die Cycloaddition zeigt eine erhebliche druckabhängige Erhöhung der Diastereoselektivität zugunsten der cis-Diastereomeren 6a-c mit dem größten Effekt für die Reaktion von 5a und dem geringsten für 5c. Die druckgemittelten Brutto-Aktivierungsvolumina ΔV≠ liegen zwischen -(23.4±1.0) und -(24.2±1.0) cm3/mol, die ΔΔV≠-Werte für 5a, 5b und 5c wurden zu -(5.9±0.5), -(3.9±0.1) bzw. -(2.4±0.2) cm3/mol und die ΔΔH≠-Werte zu -(8.1±1.7), -(8.7±2.7) bzw. -(10.0±0.9) kJ/mol bestimmt. Auf Grund der günstigen ΔΔH≠- und ΔΔV≠- Werte konnte bei der Reaktion von 5a mit 2 zu 6a/7a eine Erhöhung der Selektivität von 1.67:1.00 bei 90°C und Normaldruck auf 13.6:1.0 bei 0.5°C und 6 kbar erreicht werden. Dieses Beispiel zeigt, daß eine signifikante und synthetisch wertvolle Erhöhung der Diastereoselektivität chemischer Reaktionen durch Anwendung von hohem Druck möglich ist.
    Notes: The Hetero Diels-Alder reaction of the enamino ketones 5a-d and ethyl vinyl ether (2) to give the dihydropyrans 6a-d and 7a-d is studied in dichloromethane and in heptane/isodurene under high pressure up to 7 kbar at temperatures between 0.5 and 130°C. The kinetics is measured by on-line FT-IR spectroscopy. The cycloaddition shows a remarkable pressure-dependent increase of diastereoselectivity in favour of the cis adducts 6a-c with the largest effect found for the reaction of 5a and the smallest for 5c. The pressure-averaged overall activation volumes ΔV≠ in dichloromethane are determined to be between -(23.4± 1.0) and -(24.2±1.0) cm3/mol. The ΔΔV≠ values for the cycloaddition of 5a, 5b, and 5c are -(5.9±0.5), -(3.9±0.1), and -(2.4±0.2) cm3/mol, respectively, and the ΔΔH≠ values are -(8.1±1.7), -(8.7±2.7), and -(10.0±0.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Because of the favourable ΔΔV≠ and ΔΔH≠, the selectivity of the reaction of 5a to give 6a/7a can be increased from 1.67: 1.00 at 90°C and 1 bar to 13.6:1.0 at 0.5°C and 6 kbar. This example shows that a significant and synthetic useful increase of diastereoselectivity in chemical reactions is possible by applying high pressure.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dihydropyrancarboxylates ; Formylacetate ; Haloform cleavage ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Knoevenagel reaction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tandem-Knoevenagel-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktionen mit einem Formylessigsäure-Äquivalent. Synthese von DihydropyrancarbonsäureesternDie Tandem-Knoevenagel-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 4,4,4-Trichlor-3-oxobutanal (9) mit den Aldehyden 10 sowie 16-21 und den Enolethern 6 sowie 28-32 mit nachfolgender basenkatalysierter Methanolyse führt zu den Dihydropyrancarbonsäure-methylestern 15, 22-27 und 33-37. Hierbei wird 9 als Äquivalent für die nicht stabilen Formylessigsäureester eingesetzt, da die Trichlormethylcarbonyl-Gruppe durch basenkatalysierte Solvolyse mit Alkoholen in eine Alkoxycarbonyl-Gruppe umgewandelt werden kann. Zum Beispiel wird in einer Dreikomponenten-Reaktion 9 mit Propanal (10) unter Katalyse von wasserfreiem Kaliumfluorid zu einem reaktiven Oxadien 11 umgesetzt, das mit in der Reaktionsmischung vorhandenem Ethylvinylether (6) bei saurer Aufarbeitung die Cycloaddukte 13 ergibt. Methanolyse von 13 in Gegenwart von DBU führt zu den Dihydropyrancarbonsäure-methylestern 15 in einer Gesamtausbeute von 50%.
    Notes: The tandem Knoevenagel hetero Diels-Alder reaction of 4,4,4-trichloro-3-oxobutanal (9) with the aldehydes 10 as well as 16-21 and the enol ethers 6 as well as 28-32 followed by base-catalyzed methanolysis yields the methyl dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylates 15, 22-27, and 33-37. In this reaction 9 is used as an equivalent of the non-stable formylacetic acid, since the trichloromethylcarbonyl moiety can be transformed into an alkoxycarbonyl group by solvolysis with an alcohol. As an example, in a three-component reaction 9 was condensed with propanal (10) in the presence of potassium fluoride to give the activated oxadiene 11 as an intermediate. This reacts with ethyl vinyl ether (6), which is present as one component in the reaction mixture, to afford the cycloadduct 13 after acidic workup. Methanolysis of 13 in the presence of DBU yields the methyl dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate 15 in 50% overall yield.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Enamino ketones ; 1,4-Thiazines ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Pyrans, dihydro ; Calculations, semiempirical ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the cyclic enamino ketones 1-3 bearing an alkylthio or an phenylthio group and their reactivity in hetero Diels-Alder reactions with enol ethers is described. Only compound 3 with an phenylthio group undergoes a cycloaddition with 16a-d to afford the diastereomeric adducts 17a-d and 18a-d. To estimate the activation by a phenylthio and alkylthio group semiempirical PM3/RHF calculations of the frontier orbital energies and coefficients of different enamine carbaldehydes have been performed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Enamino ketones ; High-pressure reactions ; Pyrans ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hetero Diels-Alder reaction of enamino ketone 1 with the vinyl ethers 7-11 leading to the dihydropyrans 12a-e and 13a-e is studied in dichloromethane under high pressures up to 7 kbar. The kinetics is measured by on-line FT-IR spectroscopy up to 3 kbar. For the first time individual rate coefficients kcis and ktrans have been determined. Pressure-averaged activation volumes, , for the overall reaction leading to the formation of the two diastereomers in dichloromethane solution between -(19.1 ± 1.7) and -(25.4 ± 1.6) cm3 mol-1 are measured. The corresponding activation enthalpies, ΔH
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Amino sugars ; Carbohydrates ; Enamino ketones ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Pyrans ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1075-1084 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Atropisomerism ; Bis(hydroxylation) ; Conformational analysis ; Palladium ; Vitamin E ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Several new approaches for the enantioselective synthesis of the chromane moiety of vitamin E are described. Sonogashira coupling of 3a with the alkyne 4 and subsequent elimination gave 6, which was bis(hydroxylated) in 93% yield and with 85% ee. Recrystallization gave enantiopure 7a, which was hydrogenated and transformed into the vitamin E precursor 11. The bis(hydroxylation) of 18 and 21 to give 9 and 22, respectively, was less than satisfactory, proceeding with ee values of 28% and 18%. In contrast, stereoselective allylation of ketone 15 followed by removal of the protecting group or ozonolysis of the allyl moiety furnished the allyl alcohol 26 and the aldehyde 27, respectively, in almost enantiopure form, which again could be used as precursors for vitamin E. Partial hydrogenation of 5a gave the alkene 32a and that of 28 the alkene 30b, both of which show interesting atropisomerism.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Diastereoselectivity ; Hetero Diels-Alder reactions ; Enamino ketones ; High-pressure kinetics ; Kinetics, high-pressure ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hetero Diels-Alder reaction of the enamino ketones 1b and 1c with ethyl vinyl ether (2) in dichloromethane to give the dihydropyrans 3b/4b and 3c/4c is studied at high pressure up to 5 kbar. The kinetics is measured by on-line FT-IR spectroscopy up to 3 kbar. The cycloadditions show a relatively high pressure-dependent increase in diastereoselectivity in favor of the trans adducts 4b and 4c, respectively. The activation volumes at atmospheric pressure, ΔVo≠, are determined to be -(43.3 ± 2.1) and -(43.9 ± 2.9) cm3 mol-1 for the reactions of 1b and 1c at 100°C in dichloromethane solution. The activation enthalpies, ΔH≠ for the two cycloadditions at 1500 bar are (64.4 ± 0.4) kJ mol-1 and (64.0 ± 0.6) kJ mol-1. The ΔΔVo≠ values are (3.8 ± 0.3) and (4.6 ± 0.3) cm3 mol-1 and the ΔΔH≠ values (1.5 ± 0.2) and (2.1 ± 0.3) kJ mol-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 887-891 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Heck reaction, intramolecular ; Isochromane ; Palladium ; Heterocycles ; High-pressure chemistry ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The iodoarenes 9 and 10, bearing (E)- and (Z)-alkene moieties, respectively, easily prepared by alkylation of the corresponding alcohols 7a-c and 8a-c with 2 iodobenzyl iodide, undergo intramolecular Heck reactions to give the isochromanes 12-15a-c in good yields. The selectivity of the reaction depends on the size of the substituent R in 9 and 10; increasing bulkiness of R leads to a decrease in diastereoselectivity and an increase in regioselectivity. High-pressure experiments confirm the proposed mechanism and show that bromoarenes such as 11, which tend to be unreactive at ambient pressure, give good results when the cyclisation is performed under high pressure.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1959-1964 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Palladium ; Silanes ; Catalysts ; Allylsilanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---One of the main problems of the Heck reaction using acyclic substrates which lead to Pd intermediates with β- and β′-hydrogens is the lack of selectivity in the formation of the double bond as the last step of the catalytic cycle. The use of allylsilanes as the alkene moiety permits control of the elimination step. Thus, the Pd0-catalysed reaction of 1a-c and 2 leads exclusively to the corresponding bicyclic compounds 11a-c. In contrast, reaction of 7 yields a mixture of 12a, (E)-12b and (Z)-12b.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 2221-2225 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; Enynes ; Bishydroxylation ; Palladium ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective bishydroxylation of the protected hydroxymethyl enynes 7a-d and 8a, b, which are easily obtained from commercially available 5 and 6, gave the triol derivatives 9a-d and 11a, b in good yields and moderate to high enantiomeric excess. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 9a-d and 11a, b with the iodoarene 13 led to the desired precursors for the vitamin E synthesis ent-3a-d and 15a, b.
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