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  • Root herbivory  (2)
  • Grassland community  (1)
  • Invasiveness  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant species diversity as a driver of early succession in abandoned fields: a multi-site approach (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Biodiversity ; Ecosystem functioning ; Land use changes ; Weed suppression ; Invasiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Succession is one of the most studied processes in ecology and succession theory provides strong predictability. However, few attempts have been made to influence the course of succession thereby testing the hypothesis that passing through one stage is essential before entering the next one. At each stage of succession ecosystem processes may be affected by the diversity of species present, but there is little empirical evidence showing that plant species diversity may affect succession. On ex-arable land, a major constraint of vegetation succession is the dominance of perennial early-successional (arable weed) species. Our aim was to change the initial vegetation succession by the direct sowing of later-successional plant species. The hypothesis was tested that a diverse plant species mixture would be more successful in weed suppression than species-poor mixtures. In order to provide a robust test including a wide range of environmental conditions and plant species, experiments were carried out at five sites across Europe. At each site, an identical experiment was set up, albeit that the plant species composition of the sown mixtures differed from site to site. Results of the 2-year study showed that diverse plant species mixtures were more effective at reducing the number of natural colonisers (mainly weeds from the seed bank) than the average low-diversity treatment. However, the effect of the low-diversity treatment depended on the composition of the species mixture. Thus, the effect of enhanced species diversity strongly depended on the species composition of the low-diversity treatments used for comparison. The effects of high-diversity plant species mixtures on weed suppression differed between sites. Low-productivity sites gave the weakest response to the diversity treatments. These differences among sites did not change the general pattern. The present results have implications for understanding biological invasions. It has been hypothesised that alien species are more likely to invade species-poor communities than communities with high diversity. However, our results show that the identity of the local species matters. This may explain, at least partly, controversial results of studies on the relation between local diversity and the probability of being invaded by aliens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050028
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of below-ground insects, mycorrhizal fungi and soil fertility on the establishment of Vicia in grassland communities (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 374-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Soil insects ; Mycorrhizal fungi ; Soil fertility ; Vicia ; Grassland community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of, and interactions between, insect root feeders, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil fertility on the establishment, growth and reproduction of Vicia sativa and V. hirsuta (Fabaceae) were investigated in an early-successional grassland community. Seeds of both species were sown into plots where soil insecticide (Dursban 5G), soil fungicide (Rovral) and soil fertiliser (NPK) were applied in a factorial randomised block design. Fertiliser addition reduced growth, longevity and reproduction of both Vicia species, due to the commonly recorded increase in the competitive advantage of the non-nitrogen-fixing species when nitrogen is added to the plant community. However, in plots where fertiliser was not applied, a reduction in root feeders and mycorrhizal infection led to an increase in seedling establishment and fruit production of V. sativa, and to an increase in flower production for both Vicia species. The interaction between all three soil treatments explained much of the variation in growth and longevity of V. sativa. Plants grew larger and survived longer in plots where natural levels of mycorrhizal infection and root feeders were low compared with plots where all the treatments were applied. This suggests that, although soil nutrient availability was a strong determinant of the performance of these two leguminous species, at natural levels of soil fertility biotic factors acting in the soil, such as mycorrhizal fungi and soil-dwelling insects, were important in shaping the competitive interactions between the two Vicia species and the plant community. Our results indicate that non-additive interactions between ecological factors in the soil environment may strongly affect plant performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of root herbivory by an insect on a foliar-feeding species, mediated through changes in the host plant (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 81 (1989), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Root herbivory ; Plant water stress ; Aphid ; Insect/plant interactions ; Capsella bursa-pastoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of root herbivory by larvae of the scarabaeid, Phyllopertha horticola, on the growth of Capsella bursa-pastoris were examined. Individuals of Aphis fabae were reared on the leaves to determine what effect, if any, root feeding has on the performance of this insect. The experiment was conducted under two watering regimes (‘low’ and ‘high’). Low watering and root feeding caused water stress in the plants and this was reflected in a reduction in vegetative biomass and an increase in the proportion of material allocated to reproduction. Supplying plants with ample water in the ‘high’ treatment enabled the water stress caused by root herbivory to be offset, but not completely overcome. Low watering and root feeding caused an increase in aphid weight and growth rate, while root feeding also increased fecundity and adult longevity. These effects are attributed to an improvement in food quality, measured by total soluble nitrogen, and caused by amino acid mobilization due to the water stress. The implications of these results in agricultural and ecological situations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377007
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of seedling mortality by subterranean insect herbivores (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 88 (1991), S. 228-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Root herbivory ; Seedling mortality ; Tipulid ; Scarabaeid ; Vicia sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nature of the mortality of germinating seeds of Vicia sativa, the common vetch, was investigated in a pot trial under controlled conditions. Chafer and tipulid larvae were restricted by nylon mesh partitions to enable radicle and/or hypocotyl herbivory to occur. The effects of the two insects were very similar. In control situations, an average of 88% of the viable seed sown recruited successfully. Hypocotyl and radicle herbivory had similar effects on seedling mortality, with recruitment of viable seed sown being reduced to 52%. When both modes of attack occurred together, successful recruitment was only 34%. Feeding on both plant parts resulted in an average post-emergence mortality of 14% of the seed sown, but the effect on pre-emergence mortality was of greater importance, amounting to 41%. The mechanisms by which soil-dwelling herbivores may cause seedling mortality in the field are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320815
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