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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5)
  • Glycine max  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use Of Field Observations To Characterise Genotypic Flowering Responses To Photoperiod And Temperature: a Soyabean Exemplar (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 519-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soyabean ; Glycine max ; Flowering ; Photoperiod ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-nine accessions of soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and 1 of wild annual soyabean (Glycine soja L.) were sown at two sites in Taiwan in 1989 and 1990 and on six occasions during 1990 at one site in Queensland, Australia. On two of the occasions in Australia additional treatments extended natural daylengths by 0.5 h and 2 h. The number of days from sowing for the first flower to appear on 50% of the plants in each treatment was recorded (f), and from these values the rate of progress towards flowering (1/f) was related to temperature and photoperiod. In photoperiod-insensitive accessions it was confirmed that the rate is linearly related to temperature at least up to about 29°C. In photoperiod-sensitive genotypes this is also the case in shorter daylengths but when the critical photoperiod (P c ) is exceeded flowering is delayed. This delay increases with photoperiod until a ceiling photoperiod (P ce ) is reached. Between P c and P ce , 1/f is linearly related to both temperature (positive) and photoperiod (negative), but in photoperiods longer than P ce there is no further response to either factor. The resulting triple-intersecting-plane response surface can be defined by six genetically-determined coefficients, the values of which are environment-independent but predict time to flower in any environment, and thus quantify the genotype×environment interaction. By this means the field data were used to characterise the photothermal responses of all 40 accessions. The outcome of this characterisation in conjunction with an analysis of the world-wide range of photothermal environments in which soyabean crops are grown lead to the following conclusions: (1) photoperiod-insensitivity is essential in soyabean crops in temperate latitudes, but such genotypes flower too rapidly for satisfactory yields in the tropics; (2) photoperiod-sensitivity appears to be essential to delay flowering sufficiently to allow adequate biomass accumulation in the warm climates of the tropics; (3) contrary to a widely held view, some degree of photoperiod-sensitivity is also needed in the tropics if crop-duration homeostasis is required where there is variation in sowing dates (this is achieved through a photoperiod-controlled delay in flowering which counteracts the seasonal increase in temperature that is correlated with increase in daylength); and (4) a greater degree of photoperiod-sensitivity is necessary to provide maturity-date homeostasis for variable sowing dates – a valuable attribute in regions of uncertain rainfall. Since the triple-intersecting-plane response model used here also applies to other species, the use of field data to characterise the photothermal responses of other crops is discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050310
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of field observations to characterise genotypic flowering responses to photoperiod and temperature: a soyabean exemplar (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 519-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soyabean ; Glycine max ; Flowering ; Photoperiod ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-nine accessions of soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and 1 of wild annual soyabean (Glycine soja L.) were sown at two sites in Taiwan in 1989 and 1990 and on six occasions during 1990 at one site in Queensland, Australia. On two of the occasions in Australia additional treatments extended natural daylengths by 0.5 h and 2 h. The number of days from sowing for the first flower to appear on 50% of the plants in each treatment was recorded (f), and from these values the rate of progress towards flowering (1/f) was related to temperature and photoperiod. In photoperiod-insensitive accessions it was confirmed that the rate is linearly related to temperature at least up to about 29°C. In photoperiod-sensitive genotypes this is also the case in shorter daylengths but when the critical photoperiod (P c) is exceeded flowering is delayed. This delay increases with photoperiod until a ceiling photoperiod (P ce) is reached. Between P c and P ce, 1/f is linearly related to both temperature (positive) and photoperiod (negative), but in photoperiods longer than P ce there is no further response to either factor. The resulting triple-intersecting-plane response surface can be defined by six genetically-determined coefficients, the values of which are environment-independent but predict time to flower in any environment, and thus quantify the genotype x environment interaction. By this means the field data were used to characterise the photothermal responses of all 40 accessions. The outcome of this characterisation in conjunction with an analysis of the world-wide range of photothermal environments in which soyabean crops are grown lead to the following conclusions: (1) photoperiod-insensitivity is essential in soyabean crops in temperate latitudes, but such genotypes flower too rapidly for satisfactory yields in the tropics; (2) photoperiod-sensitivity appears to be essential to delay flowering sufficiently to allow adequate biomass accumulation in the warm climates of the tropics; (3) contrary to a widely held view, some degree of photoperiod-sensitivity is also needed in the tropics if crop-duration homeostasis is required where there is variation in sowing dates (this is achieved through a photoperiod-controlled delay in flowering which counteracts the seasonal increase in temperature that is correlated with increase in day-length); and (4) a greater degree of photoperiod-sensitivity is necessary to provide maturity-date homeostasis for variable sowing dates — a valuable attribute in regions of uncertain rainfall. Since the triple-intersecting-plane response model used here also applies to other species, the use of field data to characterise the photothermal responses of other crops is discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417943
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The availability of hydroxyl groups in native and mercerized cotton celluloses (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2999-3007 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups of the D-glucopyranosyl units of slack mercerized grey yarn and of the same yarn restretched to its original length are compared with those of the original grey yarn, a purified printcloth, and a hydrocellulose. The study involved reactions of the celluloses with N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride under conditions which ensure minimum conversion of the reagent by hydrolysis to 2-hydroxyethyldiethylamine. Amylose was taken as a reference material in which the hydroxyl groups are assumed to be completely accessible. Selective accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups at C-6 and C-3 relative to those at C-2 were determined with the same reagent by a method whose development has been described earlier. The results of this study are expressed as fractions of the hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6 that are accessible to the reagent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070151209
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the feasibility of isolating formaldehyde-bearing constituents from the enzymatic digest of formaldehyde-treated cotton cellulose (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 9 (1971), S. 647-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.110090902
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Draw resonance reduction in melt embossing and extrusion coating resinsPresented with a slightly different title at the 43rd ANTEC of the SPE and at the TAPPI Coatings Conference in September 85. The authors wish to thank Union Carbide Corporation for permission to present this paper. We also wish to recognize the technical contributions made to these studies by Mr. W. A. Miller, Dr. A. V. Rama Murthy, and Mr. J. D. Virosco. Messrs, H. G. Apgar, G. L. Carrier, J. D. McEwen and R. P. Petrochko are recognized for their excellent work in setting up and conducting the laboratory experiments. (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advances in Polymer Technology 6 (1986), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1986.060060103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the state of order of hydroxyl groups and of molecular segments in hydrocellulose (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 9 (1971), S. 1623-1633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Through a study of the selective distribution of substituents introduced into hydrocellulose from reaction with N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride, the change in selective availability of hydroxy groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6 has been followed as a function of duration of hydrolysis to form the hydrocellulose. The hydrocellulose formed at a particular duration of hydrolysis showed maximum selective availability of hydroxyl groups; this was found to coincide with minimum moisture regain and minimum breadth at half height for 101, 101, and 002 peaks in x-ray diffractograms. These points are discussed in terms of the structures of the hydrocelluloses at various stages of hydrolysis and in terms of the sequence of changes which is now associated with the conversion of fibrous cotton to “exemplar hydrocellulose,” i.e., the hydrocellulose having the highest degree of crystalline order, and subsequently, to less highly ordered hydrocelluloses.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.150090613
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability and state of order of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of microstructural units of crystalline cotton cellulose (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 9 (1971), S. 1431-1440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups of the D-glucopyranosyl units of hydrocellulose have been studied by means of the reaction of N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride, which produces 2-(diethylamino)ethyl cellulose. The deviation in the distribution of substituents among the 2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O-positions of the D-glucopyranosyl residues in a hydrocellulose from that in a disordered cellulose in which the three types of hydroxyl groups are equally accessible is the basis for estimating the selective accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups in the crystalline cellulose. A particular hydrocellulose, lying within the range of leveling-off degree of polymerization, was studied in detail; this hydrocellulose, designated EHC (“Exemplar Hydrocellulose”), was formed from fibrous cotton by hydrolysis for 0.67 hr in 2.5N hydrochloric acid at reflux. EHC exhibited higher selective accessibility (larger deviation from equal accessibility) of the hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6, than samples of hydrocellulose formed in shorter or longer periods of hydrolysis. This selective accessibility is discussed in terms of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the surfaces of crystalline microstructural units in EHC.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.150090523
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