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  • ammonia emissions  (2)
  • Geosciences (General); Environment Pollution  (1)
  • ammonium  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 46 (1999), S. 7-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonia emissions ; global nitrogen cycle ; nitric oxide ; nitrogen deposition ; nitrogen pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Increases and expansion of anthropogenic emissions of both oxidized nitrogen compounds, NOx, and a reduced nitrogen compound, NH3, have driven an increase in nitrogen deposition. We estimate global NOx and NH3 emissions and use a model of the global troposphere, MOGUNTIA, to examine the pre-industrial and contemporary quantities and spatial patterns of wet and dry NOy and NHx deposition. Pre-industrial wet plus dry NOx and NHx deposition was greatest for tropical ecosystems, related to soil emissions, biomass burning and lightning emissions. Contemporary NOy + NHx wet and dry deposition onto Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperate ecosystems averages more than four times that of pre-industrial N deposition and far exceeds contemporary tropical N deposition. All temperate and tropical biomes receive more N via deposition today than pre-industrially. Comparison of contemporary wet deposition model estimates to measurements of wet deposition reveal that modeled and measured wet deposition for both NO− 3 and NH+ 4 were quite similar over the U.S. Over Western Europe, the model tended to underestimate wet deposition of NO− 3 and NH+ 4 but bulk deposition measurements were comparable to modeled total deposition. For the U.S. and Western Europe, we also estimated N emission and deposition budgets. In the U.S., estimated emissions exceed interpolated total deposition by 3--6 Tg N, suggesting that substantial N is transported offshore and/or the remote and rural location of the sites may fail to capture the deposition of urban emissions. In Europe, by contrast, interpolated total N deposition balances estimated emissions within the uncertainty of each.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006148011944
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 46 (1999), S. 7-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonia emissions ; global nitrogen cycle ; nitric oxide ; nitrogen deposition ; nitrogen pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Increases and expansion of anthropogenic emissions of both oxidized nitrogen compounds, NOx, and a reduced nitrogen compound, NH3, have driven an increase in nitrogen deposition. We estimate global NOx and NH3 emissions and use a model of the global troposphere, MOGUNTIA, to examine the pre-industrial and contemporary quantities and spatial patterns of wet and dry NOy and NHx deposition. Pre-industrial wet plus dry NOx and NHx deposition was greatest for tropical ecosystems, related to soil emissions, biomass burning and lightning emissions. Contemporary NOy+NHx wet and dry deposition onto Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperate ecosystems averages more than four times that of preindustrial N deposition and far exceeds contemporary tropical N deposition. All temperate and tropical biomes receive more N via deposition today than pre-industrially. Comparison of contemporary wet deposition model estimates to measurements of wet deposition reveal that modeled and measured wet deposition for both NO 3 − and NH 4 + were quite similar over the U.S. Over Western Europe, the model tended to underestimate wet deposition of NO 3 − and NH 4 + but bulk deposition measurements were comparable to modeled total deposition. For the U.S. and Western Europe, we also estimated N emission and deposition budgets. In the U.S., estimated emissions exceed interpolated total deposition by 3-6 Tg N, suggesting that substantial N is transported offshore and/or the remote and rural location of the sites may fail to capture the deposition of urban emissions. In Europe, by contrast, interpolated total N deposition balances estimated emissions within the uncertainty of each.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007572
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 19 (1994), S. 331-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Global model ; emission inventory ; ammonia ; ammonium ; nitrous oxide ; acidity ; canopy compensation point
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model of the troposphere, we calculated the global distributions of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH 4 + ), taking into account removal of NH3 on acidic aerosols, in liquid water clouds and by reaction with OH. Our estimated global 10°×10° NH3 emission inventory of 45 Tg N-NH3 yr− provides a reasonable agreement between calculated wet NH 4 + deposition and measurements and of measured and modeled NH 4 + in aerosols, although in Africa and Asia especially discrepancies exist. NH3 emissions from natural continental ecosystems were calculated applying a canopy compensation point and oceanic NH3 emissions were related to those of DMS (dimethylsulfide). In many regions of the earth, the pH found in rain and cloud water can be attributed to acidity derived from NO, SO2 and DMS emissions and alkalinity from NH3. In the remote lower troposphere, sulfate aerosols are calculated to be almost neutralized to ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, whereas in the middle and upper troposphere, according to our calculations, the aerosol should be more acidic, as a result of the oxidation of DMS and SO2 throughout the troposphere and removal of NH3 on acidic aerosols at lower heights. Although the removal of NH3 by reaction with the OH radical is relatively slow, the intermediate NH2 radical can provide a substantial annual N2O source of 0.9 −0.4 +0.9 Tg, thus contributing byca. 5% to estimated global N2O production. The oxidation by OH of NH3 from anthropogenic sources accounts for 10% of the estimated total anthropogenic sources of N2O. This source was not accounted for in previous studies, and is mainly located in the tropics, which have high NH3 and OH concentrations. Biomass burning plumes, containing high NO x and NH3 concentrations provide favourable conditions for gas phase N2O production. This source is probably underestimated in this model study, due to the coarse resolution of the 3-D model, and the rather low biomass burning NH3 and NO x emissions adopted. The estimate depends heavily on poorly known concentrations of NH3 (and NO x ) in the tropics, and uncertainties in the rate constants of the reactions NH2 + NO2 → N2O + H2O (R4), and NH2 + O3 → NH2O + O2 (R7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694492
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  • 4
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    Global and Regional Radiative Forcing from 20 Reductions in BC, OC and SO4 an HTAP2 Multi-Model Study (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP2) exercise, a range of global atmospheric general circulation and chemical transport models performed coordinated perturbation experiments with 20% reductions in emissions of anthropogenic aerosols, or aerosol precursors, in a number of source regions. Here, we compare the resulting changes in the atmospheric load and vertically resolved profiles of black carbon (BC), organic aerosols (OA) and sulfate (SO4/ from 10 models that include treatment of aerosols. We use a set of temporally, horizontally and vertically resolved profiles of aerosol forcing efficiency (AFE) to estimate the impact of emission changes in six major source regions on global radiative forcing (RF) pertaining to the direct aerosol effect, finding values between. 51.9 and 210.8mW/sq m/Tg for BC, between -2.4 and -17.9mW/sq m/Tg for OA and between -3.6 and -10.3W/sq m/Tg for SO4. In most cases, the local influence dominates, but results show that mitigations in south and east Asia have substantial impacts on the radiative budget in all investigated receptor regions, especially for BC. In Russia and the Middle East, more than 80 % of the forcing for BC and OA is due to extra-regional emission reductions. Similarly, for North America, BC emissions control in east Asia is found to be more important than domestic mitigations, which is consistent with previous findings. Comparing fully resolved RF calculations to RF estimates based on vertically averaged AFE profiles allows us to quantify the importance of vertical resolution to RF estimates. We find that locally in the source regions, a 20% emission reduction strengthens the radiative forcing associated with SO4 by 25% when including the vertical dimension, as the AFE for SO4 is strongest near the surface. Conversely, the local RF from BC weakens by 37% since BC AFE is low close to the ground. The fraction of BC direct effect forcing attributable to intercontinental transport, on the other hand, is enhanced by one-third when accounting for the vertical aspect, because long-range transport primarily leads to aerosol changes at high altitudes, where the BC AFE is strong. While the surface temperature response may vary with the altitude of aerosol change, the analysis in the present study is not extended to estimates of temperature or precipitation changes.
    Keywords: Geosciences (General); Environment Pollution
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41573 , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ISSN 1680-7324); 16; 21; 13579-13599
    Format: text
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