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  • 1
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    Heterogeneous reaction probabilities, solubilities, and the physical state of cold volcanic aerosols (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: On 19 January 1992, heterogeneous loss of HNO3, ClNO3, and HCl was observed in part of the Mount Pinatubo volcanic cloud that had cooled as a result of forced ascent. Portions of the volcanic cloud froze near 191 kelvin. The reaction probability of ClNO3 and the solubility of HNO3 were close to laboratory measurements on liquid sulfuric acid. The magnitude of the observed loss of HCl suggests that it underwent a heterogeneous reaction. Such reactions could lead to substantial loss of HCl on background sulfuric acid particles and so be important for polar ozone loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 261; 5125; p. 1136-1140.
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  • 2
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    Calibration correction of an active scattering spectrometer probe to account for refractive index of stratospheric aerosols (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of the active scattering spectrometer probe (ASAS-X) to measure sulfuric acid aerosols on U-2 and ER-2 research aircraft has yielded results that are at times ambiguous due to the dependence of particles' optical signatures on refractive index as well as physical dimensions. The calibration correction of the ASAS-X optical spectrometer probe for stratospheric aerosol studies is validated through an independent and simultaneous sampling of the particles with impactors; sizing and counting of particles on SEM images yields total particle areas and volumes. Upon correction of calibration in light of these data, spectrometer results averaged over four size distributions are found to agree with similarly averaged impactor results to within a few percent: indicating that the optical properties or chemical composition of the sample aerosol must be known in order to achieve accurate optical aerosol spectrometer size analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Aerosol Science and Technology (ISSN 0278-6826); 12; 992-1002
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  • 3
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    Effects of El Chichon on stratospheric aerosols late 1982 to early 1984 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric aerosols collected over the western U.S. from late 1982 to early 1984 show the strong effects of El Chichon's eruption. Although mineral particles disappeared during this period, large acid droplets were still common. Because these have never been seen in prevolcanic, background-level collections, they apparently result from increased droplet growth made possible by the unusual abundance of sulfate. Aerosol size distributions show a wide variety of multimodal curves due to mixing of air masses containing aerosols of various ages or histories. Toward the end of the study time there are fewer large aerosols because of gravitational settling and poleward transport. The result is a steady reduction in sulfate, as most aerosol mass is concentrated in a small number of large droplets. Even the later sulfate levels are, however, five times typical prevolcanic background contents. Thus the influence of El Chichon on high-altitude was still considerable 22 months after eruption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14761-14
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  • 4
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    SAGE II aerosol data validation and initial data use - An introduction and overview (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The process of validating data from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and the initial use of the validated data are reviewed. The instruments developed for the SAGE II, the influence of the eruption of El Chichon on the global stratospheric aerosol, and various data validation experiments are discussed. Consideration is given to methods for deriving aerosol physical and optical properties from SAGE II extinction data and for inferring particle size distribution moments from SAGE II spectral extinction values.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 8335-833
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  • 5
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    Smoke optical depths - Magnitude, variability, and wavelength dependence (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne autotracking sun-photometer has been used to measure magnitudes, temporal/spatial variabilities, and the wavelength dependence of optical depths in the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared spectrum of smoke from two forest fires and one jet fuel fire and of background air. Jet fuel smoke optical depths were found to be generally less wavelength dependent than background aerosol optical depths. Forest fire smoke optical depths, however, showed a wide range of wavelength depedences, such as incidents of wavelength-independent extinction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 8388-840
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  • 6
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    Lidar observations of atmospheric particulate content (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role of lidar in atmospheric studies concerned with radiative energy transfer and remote sensing is summarized. The application of lidar to climatic change investigations is proposed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 367-394
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  • 7
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    SAM II aerosol profile measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska; July 16-19, 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: SAM II satellite measurements during the July 1979 Poker Flat mission, yielded an aerosol extinction coefficient of 0.0004/km at 1.0 micron wavelength, in the region of the stratospheric aerosol mixing ratio peak (12-16 km). The stratospheric aerosol optical depth for these data, calculated from the tropopause through 30 km, is approximately 0.001. These results are consistent with the average 1979 summertime values found throughout the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 8
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    High-latitude stratospheric aerosols measured by the SAM II satellite system in 1978 and 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results of the first year of data collection by the SAM (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement) II satellite system are presented. Almost 10,000 profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are used to construct plots of weekly averaged aerosol extinction versus altitude and time and stratospheric optical depth versus time. Corresponding temperature fields are presented. These data show striking similarities in the aerosol behavior for corresponding seasons. Wintertime polar stratospheric clouds that are strongly correlated with temperature are documented. They are much more prevalent in the Antarctic stratosphere during the cold austral winter and increase the stratospheric optical depths by as much as an order of magnitude for a period of about 2 months. These clouds might represent a sink for stratospheric water vapor and must be considered in the radiative budget for this region and time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 214; Oct. 16
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  • 9
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    Methodology for error analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A methodology is presented for objective and automated determination of the uncertainty in lidar aerosol measurements. This methodology is based on standard error-propagation procedures, a large data base on atmospheric behavior, and long experience in lidar data processing. Algebraic expressions for probable error are derived as a function of the relevant parameters. The validity of these expressions is then tested by making simulated measurements and analyses in which random errors of appropriate size are injected at proper steps of the measurement and analysis process. An illustrative example is given where the methodology is applied to a new lidar system now being used for airborne measurements of the stratospheric aerosol.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Nov. 15
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  • 10
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    Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. I An optical model for data conversions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is presented of an empirically based model of stratospheric aerosol optical properties (size distributions and refractive indices) and their variations. The need for such a model arose in the data validation and archival programs for two satellite sensors, SAM II and SAGE. These programs require the ability to convert measurements of a given aerosol macroproperty (e.g., volume extinction coefficient, volume backscatter coefficient, particle number or mass per unit volume) to best estimates of other aerosol macroproperties, and to assess quantitatively the uncertainties in the conversion process. The described model provides the information on size distributions, refractive indices and their variations necessary for these tasks, and also defines a procedure for combining the model information with empirical data in a way that facilitates automatic data processing. Although the model was developed for use in the satellite validation and archival programs, it also has proven useful in other studies of stratospheric aerosol.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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