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  • 1
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    Infrared, microwave, and spaceborne radar simulations of a deep convective system using a 3-D cloud ensemble method (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A 3D cloud model is used to simulate the storm structure, and the results are linked to microwave and infrared radiative transfer models for simulation of aircraft observations. Spaceborne radar data are also simulated along the aircraft flight track. The cloud and radiative model simulations are studied and compared with aircraft observations. The initial results indicate that the 3D cloud model is capable of simulating the major features of observed storm systems when given a representative atmospheric sounding to initialize the convective systems. The simulations of infrared and microwave radiances provide reasonably good comparisons with the observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, 6th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-36051 14-47); p. 226-229.
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    An approach to estimate the areal rain-rate distribution from spaceborne radar by the use of multiple thresholds (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Estimates of rain rate derived from a spaceborne weather radar will be most reliable over an intermediate range of values. In forming an area average of the rain rate, an alternative to the averaging of the high-resolution estimates, irrespective of their individual accuracies, is a multiple threshold approach. The method is based on the fact that the fractional area above a particular rain-rate threshold R(j) is related to the cumulative distribution of rain rates evaluated at R(j). Varying the threshold over the effective dynamic range of the radar yields the cumulative distribution function over this range. To obtain the distribution at all rain rates, a lognormal or gamma test function is selected such that the mean-square error between the test function and the measured values is minimized. Once the unknown parameters are determined, the first-order statistics of the areawide rain-rate distribution can be found. Tests of the method with data from the SPANDAR radar provide comparisons between it and the single threshold and the direct averaging approaches.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 2; p. 386-398.
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Siderophile elements and the earth's formation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Two comments on a work by Murthy (1991) concerning the abundances of siderophile elements in the earth's mantle are presented. In the first comment it is asserted that the basis of Murthy's extrapolation is the assumption that the Gibbs free energy change for the partitioning reaction is independent of temperature, and as this is generally not a valid assumption thermodynamically, and as this is contradicted by most experimental data, the issue of mantle siderophile elements remains unresolved. In the second comment it is asserted that the extrapolation method used by Murthy does not appear to be valid thermodynamically, and that an extrapolation based on generally accepted thermodynamic assumptions yields different results. In a reply, Murthy takes issue with the comments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5074,; 1281-128
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  • 4
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    Quantitative relationship between reflectance and transpiration of phreatophytes, Gila River test site (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of IR aerial photographs for determining the dynamic characteristics of evapotranspiration at the Gila River Test Site is discussed. Evapotranspiration was measured as a function of plant volume, surface conditions, soil moisture storage, and ground water levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 9 p
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Water demand studies in southern California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 41 p
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Aircraft measurements of electrified clouds at Kennedy Space Center. Part 2: Case study: 4 November 1988 (88309) (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: During the fall of 1988, a Schweizer airplane equipped to measure electric field and other meteorological parameters flew over Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in a program to study clouds defined in the existing launch restriction criteria. A case study is presented of a single flight over KSC on November 4, 1988. This flight was chosen for two reasons: (1) the clouds were weakly electrified, and no lightning was reported during the flight; and (2) electric field mills in the surface array at KSC indicated field strengths greater than 3 kV/m, yet the aircraft flying directly over them at an altitude of 3.4 km above sea level measured field strengths of less than 1.6 kV/m. A weather summary, sounding description, record of cloud types, and an account of electric field measurements are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Aircraft Measurements of Electrified Clouds at Kennedy Space Center; 17 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Aircraft measurements of electrified clouds at Kennedy Space Center. Part 1: 1988 flights (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: During the fall of 1988, a Schweizer 845 airplane equipped to measure electric field and other meteorological parameters flew over Kennedy Space Center in a program to study clouds defined in the existing launch retriction requirements. The special purpose test vehicle for atmospheric research (SPTVAR) was suitable for flights through thunderclouds and was instrumented to measure all three components of the ambient electric vector. The main goals of the project were: (1) to develop and demonstrate techniques for measuring the electric field aloft and locate regions of charge during flight; (2) to characterize the electrical conditions within and near clouds that are presently identified as a threat to space launch vehicles; and (3) to study the correlation between the electric field aloft and that at Kennedy Space Center's ground-based field mill network for a variety of electrified clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Aircraft Measurements of Electrified Clouds at Kennedy Space Center; 109 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Some early results from the ATS-6 radio beacon experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The multifrequency satellite radio beacon enables the measurement of the columnar electron content of the ionosphere and plasmasphere along the ray path and its spatial and temporal structure. Measurements include modulation phase, Faraday rotation, and amplitude. The characteristics of the beacon transmitter and its design are presented together with the design of the Boulder receiver and antennas and the calibration procedures. A shape factor F is defined which depends on the electron density and geomagnetic field distributions. It is found that F varies by about 30% from day to night. It is shown that the ratio of the plasmaspheric content to total content varies from about 0.08 during the day to about 0.35 at night. Other examples which are presented to illustrate the uses of the radio beacon include sunrise effects, solar flare enhancements of total content, and the ionospheric storms of early July 1974.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Aug
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  • 9
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    HEAT-TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS ON A CONCAVE HEMISPHERICAL NOSE SHAPE WITH UNSTEADY-FLOW EFFECTS AT MACH NUMBERS OF 1.98 AND 4.95 (1958)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: Heat transfer on concave hemispherical nose shape with unsteady flow effect
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NACA-RM-L58D25A
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Aircraft measurements of electrified clouds at Kennedy Space Center, part 3 (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flights made by the Special Purpose Test Vehicle for Atmospheric Research (SPTVAR) airplane during a second deployment to Florida during the summer of 1989 are discussed. The findings based on the data gathered are presented. The progress made during the second year of the project is discussed. The summer 1989 study was carried out with the support and guidance of Col. John Madura, Commander of Detachment 11, 2nd Weather Squadron, USAF, at Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The project goals were to develop and demonstrate techniques for measuring the electric field aloft and locating regions of charge during flight within and near clouds; to characterize the electric conditions that are presently identified as a threat to space launch vehicles; and to study the correlation between the electric field aloft and that at Kennedy Space Center's ground-based electric field mill array for a variety of electrified clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-186964 , NAS 1.26:186964
    Format: application/pdf
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