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  • Other Sources  (17)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (11)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (6)
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  • 1
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    Three-dimensional instabilities of mantle convection with multiple phase transitions (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effects of multiple phase transitions on mantle convection are investigated by numerical simulations that are based on three-dimensional models. These simulations show that cold sheets of mantle material collide at junctions, merge, and form a strong downflow that is stopped temporarily by the transition zone. The accumulated cold material gives rise to a strong gravitational instability that causes the cold mass to sink rapidly into the lower mantle. This process promotes a massive exchange between the lower and upper mantles and triggers a global instability in the adjacent plume system. This mechanism may be cyclic in nature and may be linked to the generation of superplumes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 259; 5099; p. 1308-1311.
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  • 2
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    Development of diapiric structures in the upper mantle due to phase transitions (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Solid-state phase transition in time-dependent mantle convection can induce diapiric flows in the upper mantle. When a deep mantle plume rises toward phase boundaries in the upper mantle, the changes in the local thermal buoyancy, local heat capacity, and latent heat associated with the phase change at a depth of 670 kilometers tend to pinch off the plume head from the feeding stem and form a diapir. This mechanism may explain episodic hot spot volcanism. The nature of the multiple phase boundaries at the boundary between the upper and lower mantle may control the fate of deep mantle plumes, allowing hot plumes to go through and retarding the tepid ones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 252; 1836-183
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  • 3
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    Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) carbon dioxide and carbon isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric air by grab-sampling systems (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of concentrations of chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs), carbon dioxide and carbon isotope ratio in stratospheric and tropospheric air by grab-sampling systems are reported. The balloon-borne grab-sampling system has been launched from Sanriku Balloon Center three times since 1981. It consists of: (1) six sampling cylinders, (2) eight motor driven values, (3) control and monitor circuits, and (4) pressurized housing. Particular consideration is paid to the problem of contamination. Strict requirements are placed on the choice of materials and components, construction methods, cleaning techniques, vacuum integrity, and sampling procedures. An aluminum pressurized housing and a 4-m long inlet line are employed to prevent the sampling air from contamination by outgassing of sampling and control devices. The sampling is performed during the descent of the system. Vertical profiles of mixing ratios of CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and CH4 are given. Mixing ratios of CF2Cl2 and CFCl3 in the stratosphere do not show the discernible effect of the increase of those in the ground level background, and decrease with altitude. Decreasing rate of CFCl3 is larger than that of CF2Cl2. CH4 mixing ratio, on the other hand, shows diffusive equilibrium, as the photodissociation cross section of CH4 is small and concentrations of OH radical and 0(sup I D) are low.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Handbook for MAP, Vol. 18; 7 p
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  • 4
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    Solar helium and neon in the Earth (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Neon isotopic compositions in mantle-derived samples commonly are enriched in (20)Ne and (21)Ne relative to (22)Ne compared with atmospheric neon ((20)Ne/(22)Ne and (21)Ne/(22)Ne ratios in atmospheric neon are 9.8 and 0.029, respectively), together with significant primordial (3)He. Such results have been obtained on MORB's, intraplate plume-related oceanic island basalts, backarc basin basalts, mantle xenoliths, ancient diamonds and CO2 well gases (e.g., 1 - 8). The highest (20)Ne/(22)Ne ratio observed in MORB glasses (= 13.6 plus or minus 1.3 is close to the solar value (= 13.6, as observed in solar wind). In order to explain the enrichment of (20)Ne and (21)Ne relative to atmospheric neon for samples derived from the mantle, it is necessary to postulate the presence of at least two distinct non-atmospheric components. The two most likely candidates are solar and nucleogenic ((20)Ne/(22)Ne solar = 13.6 (21)Ne/(22)Ne solar = 0.032, (20)Ne/(22)Ne nucleogenic = 2.5 and (21)Ne/(22)Ne nucleogenic = 32). This is because solar neon is the only known component with a (20)Ne/(22)Ne ratio greater than both the atmospheric value and that observed in samples derived from the mantle. Nucleogenic neon is well known to elevate (21)Ne/(22)Ne ratios. Neon isotopic signatures observed in mantle-derived samples can be accounted for by mixing of the three neon end members: solar, nucleogenic and atmospheric.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Conference on Deep Earth and Planetary Volatiles; p 16
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  • 5
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    EAS development curve at energy of 10(16) - 10(18) eV measured by optical Cerenkov light (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The data of optical Cerenkov light from extensive air shower observed at the core distance more than 1 Km at Akeno are reexamined. Applying the new simulated results, the shower development curves for the individual events were constructed. For the showers of 10 to 17th power eV the average depth at the shower maximum is determined to be 660 + or - 40 gcm/2. The shower curve of average development is found to be well described by a Gaisser-Hillas shower development function with above shower maximum depth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-4.4-7 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 171-174; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 6
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    A simulation of high energy cosmic ray propagation 2 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The cosmic ray propagation in the Galactic arm is simulated. The Galactic magnetic fields are known to go along with so called Galactic arms as a main structure with turbulences of the scale about 30pc. The distribution of cosmic ray in Galactic arm is studied. The escape time and the possible anisotropies caused by the arm structure are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-5.4-2 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 2; p 276-279; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-2
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  • 7
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    Anisotropy of cosmic rays of energy 10 (15) eV to 10 (17) eV observed at Akeno (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Anisotropy of cosmic rays is studied with extensive air showers (EAS) data by muon trigger. The present results support those obtained by electron trigger which suggest the significant anisotropy of second harmonics with phase around 100 deg in right ascension for showers of 10 to the 16th power - 10 to the 17th power eV, and predominant arrival direction of 230 deg in right ascension for muon-rich showers. It seems that the phase of the first harmonics in the energy range below 10 to the 11th power eV is about 300 deg in right ascension and the second harmonics near 6 x 10 to the 14th power eV is statistically significant with an amplitude of 0.39 + or - 0.13% in direction of 83 + or - 10 deg in right ascension.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-5.3-3 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 2; p 242-245; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-2
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  • 8
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    Properties of 10 (18)-10 (19)eV EAS at far core distance (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The properties of 10 to the 18th power - 10 to the 19th power eV EAS showers such as the electron lateral distribution, the muon lateral distribution ( 1Gev), the ratio of muon density to a electron density, the shower front structure and the transition effects in scintillator of 5cm thickness are investigated with the Akeno 4 sq km/20sq km array at far core distances between 500m and 3000m. The fluctuation of densities and arrival time increase rapidly at core distances greater than 2km.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-4.7-3 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 320-323; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 9
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    Akeno 20 km (2) air shower array (Akeno Branch) (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: As the first stage of the future huge array, the Akeno air shower array was expanded to about 20 sq. km. by adding 19 scintillation detectors of 2.25 sq m area outside the present 1 sq. km. Akeno array with a new data collection system. These detectors are spaced about 1km from each other and connected by two optical fiber cables. This array has been in partial operation from 8th, Sep. 1984 and full operation from 20th, Dec. 1984. 20 sq m muon stations are planned to be set with 2km separation and one of them is now under construction. The origin of the highest energy cosmic rays is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-9.4-8 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 3; p 430-433; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-3
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  • 10
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    Gamma rays of energy or = 10(15) eV from Cyg X-3 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The experimental data of extensive air showers observed at Akeno have been analyzed to detect the gamma ray signal from Cyg X-3. After muon poor air showers are selected, the correlation of data acquisition time with 4.8 hours X-ray period is studied, giving the data concentration near the phase 0.6, the time of X-ray maximum. The probability that uniform backgrounds create the distribution is 0.2%. The time averaged integral gamma ray flux is estimated as (1.1 + or - 0.4)x 10 to the -14th power cm(-2) sec(-1) for Eo 10 to the 15th power eV and (8.8 + or - 5.0)x 10 to the 14th power cm(-2) sec(-1) for Eo 6 x 10 to the 14th power eV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-2.1-5 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 67-70; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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