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  • GEOPHYSICS  (3)
  • Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry  (3)
  • 1
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    PIV Measurement of Transient 3-D (Liquid and Gas Phases) Flow Structures Created by a Spreading Flame over 1-Propanol (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In the past, we measured three-D flow structure in the liquid and gas phases that were created by a spreading flame over liquid fuels. In that effort, we employed several different techniques including our original laser sheet particle tracking (LSPT) technique, which is capable of measuring transient 2-D flow structures. Recently we obtained a state-of-the-art integrated particle image velocimetry (IPIV), whose function is similar to LSPT, but it has an integrated data recording and processing system. To evaluate the accuracy of our IPIV system, we conducted a series of flame spread tests using the same experimental apparatus that we used in our previous flame spread studies and obtained a series of 2-D flow profiles corresponding to our previous LSPT measurements. We confirmed that both LSPT and IPIV techniques produced similar data, but IPIV data contains more detailed flow structures than LSPT data. Here we present some of newly obtained IPIV flow structure data, and discuss the role of gravity in the flame-induced flow structures. Note that the application of IPIV to our flame spread problems is not straightforward, and it required several preliminary tests for its accuracy including this IPIV comparison to LSPT.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop; 463-466; NASA/CP-2001-210826
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  • 2
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    Holographic Interferometry and Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in the Presence of Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Magnetic fields impact combustion processes in a manner analogous to that of buoyancy, i.e., as a body force. It is well known that in a terrestrial environment buoyancy is one of the principal transport mechanisms associated with diffusion flame behavior. Unfortunately, in a terrestrial environment it is difficult if not impossible to isolate flame behavior due magnetic fields from the behavior associated with buoyancy. A micro-, or reduced, gravity environment is ideally suited for studying the impact of magnetic fields on diffusion flames due to the decreased impact of buoyancy on flame behavior.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop; 361-364; NASA/CP-2001-210826
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  • 3
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    An Analytical Model for Non-Uniform Magnetic Field Effects on Two-Dimensional Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In 1846, Michael Faraday found that permanent magnets could cause candle flames to deform into equatorial disks. He believed that the change in flame shape was caused by the presence of charged particles within the flames interacting with the magnetic fields. Later researchers found that the interaction between the flame ions and the magnetic fields were much too small to cause the flame deflection. Through a force analysis, von Engel and Cozens showed that the change in the flame shape could be attributed to the diamagnetic flame gases in the paramagnetic atmosphere. Paramagnetism occurs in materials composed of atoms with permanent magnetic dipole moments. In the presence of magnetic field gradients, the atoms align with the magnetic field and are drawn into the direction of increasing magnetic field. Diamagnetism occurs when atoms have no net magnetic dipole moment. In the presence of magnetic gradient fields, diamagnetic substances are repelled towards areas of decreasing magnetism. Oxygen is an example of a paramagnetic substance. Nitrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and most hydrocarbon fuels are examples of diamagnetic substances. In order to evaluate the usefulness of these magnets in altering flame behavior, a study has been undertaken to develop an analytical model to describe the change in the flame length of a laminar diffusion jet in the presence of a nonuniform magnetic field.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop; 381-384; NASA/CP-2001-210826
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  • 4
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    Rare gases in cyclosilicates and cogenetic minerals (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The cyclosilicate minerals, beryl, tourmaline, and cordierite, typically contain large amounts of He-4 and Ar-40 which are not in situ radiogenic products. In the study of excess rare gases in cyclosilicates, one of the most enigmatic observations is the age effect, a qualitative tendency for geologically older samples to contain more excess He-4 and Ar-40 than younger samples. The present investigation is concerned with measurements regarding the abundance and isotopic composition of all five rare gases in a number of cyclosilicates as well as in their cogenetic minerals. The significance of the obtained data is discussed. The data indicate that cyclosilicates sample the rare gases present in the environment in which they crystallize. This 'sampling' involves major elemental fractionations which are variable but mineral specific. Cyclosilicates can, therefore, be used to probe the isotopic ratios and elemental compositions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 7891-790
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  • 5
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    Planetary-type rare gases in an upper mantle-derived amphibole (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: All 23 stable rare gas isotopes in a mantle-derived aluminous Ti-rich amphibole, kaersutite, were measured, and the abundance pattern indicated by the results is similar to the 'planetary' rare gas pattern of carbonaceous chondrites. The He-3/He-4 ratio of (4.9 + or - 0.6) times 10 to the -5th power is anomalously high. Ne-21 is enriched relative to the abundance of the other two neon isotopes in the atmosphere, while the heavy isotopes of Kr and the Xe isotopes are within error of the atmospheric values. The analytical procedure is described. It is concluded that part of the primordial rare gases of the earth are still present in some parts of the upper mantle and that these gases retain a faithful record of the 'planetary' primordial rare gas elemental signature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 39; 2, Ap; Apr. 197
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  • 6
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    Classification and generation of terrestrial rare gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram is a very useful format with which to study the elemental ratios of rare gases from terrestrial materials. It can separate not only the three types of rare gases which Ozima and Alexander (1976) classified but also the 'planetary' type rare gases from the other three types of rare gases. When all the available terrestrial rare gas data are plotted in a Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram, several observations can be made. First, most of the analyses of rare gases from shales yield Kr-84/Xe-130 ratios between the 'planetary' and atmospheric values. If, however, the atmosphere's high Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio was produced by the selective adsorption of xenon onto shales from an initially 'planetary' atmosphere, as is widely accepted, then the Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio in shales should be even lower than the 'planetary' value. Second, the rare gas pattern in the quenched rims of submarine basalts may be explained as fractionated samples of the rare gases in sea water.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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