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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible Ca2+-dependent mechanism of apical outer hair cell modulation within the cochlea of the guinea pig (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calcium antagonists ; Calcium channel blocker ; Cochlea ; Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) ; Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) ; Hair cells ; Signal transduction ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Calcium ions were precipitated with potassium antimonate after injection of the inorganic calcium channel blocker MnCl2 or the inorganic potassium channel blockers BaCl2 or CsCl into the perilymph of the scala vestibuli of the guinea pig. The spatial distribution of the formed histochemical reaction products within the organ of Corti was studied by energy-filtering transmission-electron microscopy. Compared with untreated control ears, the number of the formed precipitates drastically increased at the extracellular side of the lamina reticularis after application of the various inorganic channel blockers. The apical side of the outer hair cells and the intervening Deiter cells were covered by a thick layer of calcium precipitates, whereas the number of histochemical reaction products was clearly reduced in the nearby acellular tectorial membrane. The high calcium content within the formed reaction products at the lamina reticularis could be demonstrated by elemental mapping and by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. To ascertain the alterations in the amounts of the calcium precipitates within the tectorial membrane after application of the various inorganic channel blockers, the precipitate densities were determined semiquantitatively by an image processing system and the values obtained compared with those of untreated control specimens. The observed histochemical results are in good agreement with published electrophysiological findings concerning the spatial distribution of ion channels located at the apical outer hair cell membrane. The detected alterations in the spatial distribution of calcium precipitates might correspond to calcium-dependent processes involved in outer hair cell modulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051034
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Thermosphere zonal winds - Vertical motions and temperature as measured from Dynamics Explorer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dynamics Explorer 2 has made possible, for the first time, global extent in situ measurements of upper thermosphere neutral particle winds. Zonal and vertical wind components, and the kinetic temperature, are being measured by the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (WATS), while the Fabry-Perot Interferometer provides the meridional component. The present investigation is concerned with the zonal wind component, the vertical motions, and the temperature measured by the WATS. Preliminary studies of the neutral zonal wind components conducted for many orbits confirm a global pattern of upper thermosphere winds which blow over the earth from the mid-afternoon sector. Velocities range from near zero to a few hundred meters per second. Major perturbations to the basic thermally driven wind patterns are observed in both polar regions where the directions are frequently reversed and where the zonal velocities sometimes exceed 1 km/sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Sept
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The Dynamics Explorer Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Wind and Temperature Spectrometer, designed to measure the concentration, kinetic temperature, and motion (three mutually perpendicular components of the wind) of the neutral particles, is described, noting that measurements of the concentration and velocity of the ambient thermal ions are also possible. Two of the three wind components, the temperature and the concentration of the dominant constituent, can be measured to an altitude of approximately 650 km; the third component can be measured to about 375 km (estimated). Ion measurements can be taken throughout the orbit. The quadrupole mass spectrometer is the principal sensor for the instrument. Measurements of the zonal and vertical components of the wind are made by interpreting the modulation of the particle stream entering the mass spectrometer, induced by baffles that scan slowly (one vertically and one horizontally) in front of the entrance port of the mass spectrometer.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 5; Dec. 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The neutral mass spectrometer on Dynamics Explorer B (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A neutral gas mass spectrometer has been developed to satisfy the measurement requirements of the Dynamics Explorer mission. The mass spectrometer, a quadrupole, will measure the abundances of neutral species in the region 300-500 km in the earth's atmosphere. These measurements will be used in concert with other simultaneous observations on Dynamics Explorer to study the physical processes involved in the interactions of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. The instrument, which is similar to that flown on Atmosphere Explorer, employs an electron beam ion source operating in the closed mode and a discrete dynode multiplier as a detector. The mass range is 22 to 50 amu. The abundances of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, argon, and possibly atomic nitrogen will be measured to an accuracy of about + or - 15% over the specified altitude range, with a temporal resolution of one second.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 5; Dec. 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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