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  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry  (4)
  • peroxidase  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Plant Identity and Chemical Constituents on the Efficacy of a Baculovirus Against Heliothis virescens (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 221-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; host-plant resistance ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; Heliothis virescens ; tritrophic interactions ; cotton ; lettuce ; phenolics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Baculoviruses are arthropod-specific, dsDNA viruses primarily used to control lepidopteran pests. A limitation of the use of baculoviruses for pest control is that their efficacy is modifiable by host-plant chemicals. The levels of phenolic substrates and two foliar oxidative enzymes, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PTO), were significant predictors of disease caused by a baculovirus in Heliothis virescens fed on either cotton or lettuce; POD was the more influential of the two enzymes. The higher the plant phenolase activity, the lower the percent mortality and the slower the insects died from viral infection. Whether a particular class of phenolic substrates was correlated with enhanced or attenuated baculoviral disease depended upon context, i.e., admixture. Diminution of viral efficacy by plant oxidative activity may compromise the compatibility of baculoviruses with other components of an integrated pest management system such as host plant resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022576207506
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Induced Plant Defenses in Cotton and Tomato on the Efficacy of Baculoviruses on Noctuid Larvae (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 253-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Induced resistance ; baculovirus ; Heliothis virescens ; Helicoverpa zea ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; oxidative enzymes ; tritrophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Constitutive phenolase activity of plants has a profound ability to modulate disease in insects caused by baculoviruses. We investigated the influence of damage-induced plant phenolic oxidases in cotton and tomato on mortality caused by two different baculoviruses in their respective hosts, Heliothis virescens (L.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). For both plant species, peroxidase (POD) and phenolic levels were predictive of larval mortality caused by baculoviruses. The higher the POD activity, the lower the mortality in both hosts. Different classes of phenolics (e.g., monohydroxyphenolics vs. catecholic phenolics) in combination with POD activity had different effects on the severity of viral disease depending upon mixture, which implies that viral efficacy is predictable only if total chemical content of the plants is specified. Inhibition of baculoviral disease by plant phenolase activity has potential implications for the compatibility of baculoviruses with induced resistance in IPM programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022528324344
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Baculoviral Disease by Plant-Mediated Peroxidase Activity and Free Radical Generation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1949-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; nucleopolyhedrovirus ; free radicals ; phenolic redox cycling ; clastogenesis ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; antioxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of noctuid larvae to baculoviral infection is markedly affected by phytochemicals ingested during the acquisition of viral inoculum on foliage. We hypothesized that a major process causing phytochemical inhibition of viral disease is phenolic oxidation by phenolases, particularly peroxidase (POD), which subsequently generates free radicals. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the chemical interactions in foliage of cotton, tomato, and lettuce by application of antioxidants, prooxidants, enriched extracts of phenolases, and/or phenolic substrates. Larvae of Heliothis virescens or Helicoverpa zea that received viral inoculum on treated foliage were less likely to die from viral infection the higher the POD activity of this foliage. Furthermore, the higher the POD activity, the more free radicals were generated in crushed foliage, and the more free radicals generated, the lower the incidence of viral disease. We present a series of reactions hypothesized to lead to inhibition of viral disease by free radicals, the generation of which is mediated, at least in part, by POD. Phenolic redox cycling catalyzed by POD involving clastogenesis (generation of H2O2) appeared to be a critical driver of phytochemical reactions leading to free radical generation and inhibition of baculoviral disease in their noctuid hosts. We also report application of an assay for the detection of free radicals by using methemoglobin as a new modification of this method for detecting radicals in plant foliage in the immediate aftermath of an oxidative burst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020777407980
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel assay for determining the metabolic fate of juvenile hormone III: A study with Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 8 (1988), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: juvenile hormone ; epoxide hydrolase ; JH esterase ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A thin-layer chromatographic assay was developed for the resolution of hydrolytic and conjugative catabolites of juvenile hormone (JH). A single-dimension, dual-development thin-layer system allowed complete resolution of the catabolites. Thus, this system provided a means for the rapid and economic analysis of JH hydrolysis even when different hydrolytic activities were present concurrently. Purified hydrolytic enzymes were found to be superior to chemical methods for the generation of small amounts of standards of JH catabolites. The relative levels of activities of an epoxide hydrolase and an esterase toward JH III were found to be similar in microsomal preparations from three lines of adult Drosophila melanogaster isolated from a field population. However, selection of flies by exposure to cut orange resulted in the elevation of levels of epoxide hydrolase activities, whereas esterase levels were not affected to the same extent. The formation of the JH acid-diol was not detected under the conditions of this study, suggesting that the JH acid and diol were not good substrates for epoxide hydrolase and juvenile hormone esterase, respectively.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940080104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical roles for juvenile hormone and its esterase+ in the prepupa of Trichoplusia ni (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 2 (1985), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; allatectomy ; juvenile hormone ; juvenile hormone esterase ; esterase inhibition ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the caterpillar Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) it has been demonstrated by allatectomy that the appearance of juvenile hormone during the prepupal stage is crucial for the successful larval-pupal ecdysis of most larvae. Application of juvenile hormone or juvenile hormone esterase inhibitors at key times disrupted normal development as well. Thus the subsequent disappearance of juvenile hormone is regulated by degradation by juvenile hormone esterase in addition to a hypothetical reduction in biosynthesis. This reduction in juvenile hormone titer in the prepupa is just as critical for normal development as was its previous appearance. These observations on the critical role of juvenile hormone in the prepupa are in contrast to observations in some other species. For instance, in the case of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), juvenile hormone is considered only supplementary to the action of prothoracicotropic hormone in the postwandering stage and primarily is required for normal pupal development. It thus appears that even within the Lepidoptera the role of juvenile hormone in prepupal development can vary dramatically.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940020407
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of juvenile hormone hydrolysis in early larval development of Trichoplusia ni (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 9 (1988), S. 135-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: ecdysis (control of) ; JH esterase (inhibition of titer of) ; JH epoxide hydrolase ; molting (control of) ; JH acid (effects of) ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Extensive juvenile hormone (JH) hydrolysis was detected and characterized in whole-body homogenates of larvae and tissues of Trichoplusia ni during periods of early larval development. The capacity to hydrolyze JH that exists in homogenates of penultimate-instar larvae is far in excess of the measured hormone levels. The major initial metabolites of JH found in diluted homogenates of early-instar larvae and larval tissues were JH acid and JH diol as shown by thin-layer chromatography and microchemical derivatization. Experiments using subcellular fractionation or immunoprecipitation and inhibition studies showed the two hydrolytic activities to be roughly equivalent but located in different subcellular compartments. JH epoxide hydrolase activity was present in the large particle and microsomal fractions, whereas most JH esterase activity was present in the cytosol. Subsequent studies concentrated on JH esterolysis. A titer of JH esterase activity throughout larval development showed this enzyme to be present continuously inside tissues, with periodic manifestations in the hemolymph during each larval molt. Partial purification by affinity chromatography and analysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and isoelectric focusing showed JH esterase from earlyinstar larvae to be indistinguishable from the enzyme from the last instar. Application of JH II or a juvenoid, Ro 10-3108, during any time of early larval development caused no apparent abnormalities, suggesting that the action of JH esterase is not involved with elimination of JH during this period. However, application of a JH esterase inhibitor during a critical period of the third to fourth larval molt caused failure of ecdysis, suggesting that JH acid or at least some esterase or protease may be a factor required for the molt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940090206
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of recombinant viral insecticides by expression of an insect-specific toxin and insect-specific enzyme in nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22 (1993), S. 315-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As supplements to classical chemical insecticides, two approaches to develop recombinant baculovirus insecticides are described. In one approach an insect-specific toxin is expressed leading to a dramatic reduction in time to death. In the second approach an insect juvenile hormone esterase is expressed which leads to a reduction in feeding. Modifications of the wildtype esterase led to viruses which reduced the time to death as efffectively as did the toxin-expressing virus. In both cases existing recombinant viruses are viewed as leads, and approaches to further improvement in the engineered viruses are suggested. Many of these approaches are based on analogy with the development of classical synthetic insecticides. Using these viruses as examples, the potential utility and limitations of recombinant viruses and other biological insecticides are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940220303
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