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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 35-61 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Projection microradiography was used to determine the density and orientation of the force transmitting structures, i.e., trabeculae and bone lying between approximately parallel vascular canals, within the bones of cat skulls. The organisation in the skulls was confirmed statistically for a total of ten cats. The results of the observations showed that within specific areas of the skull a high degree of structural orientation and an increased density of osseous structures was present. The distribution of these characters corresponded in contiguous bones such that a continuum of structural organisation was established between the alveolar region and the site of attachment of the temporalis and masseter muscles and the glenoid region.The patterns of force transmission during jaw closure were determined when a resistance was placed initially between the canines and then the carnassials. An analysis was first carried out on dry skulls using colophonium resin to determine the direction of the force distribution. The nature and the approximate magnitude of the forces were ascertained by replacing the resin with strain gauges. The basic similarities in the strain patterns recorded from the dry skulls and those from the ten anaesthetised cats in which strain gauges had been intra-vitally implanted, substantiated the recordings made on the dry skulls. Combination of the results from the three sets of experiments defined the patterns of force distribution in the cat skull during the closure of the mandible against a resistance. The results showed that: (1) the combined action of the temporalis and masseter muscles tended to reduce the overall strain in the skull bones, and that the deformations produced by the action of the masseter were greater than that exerted by the temporalis muscles; (2) during biting, whether the resistance was placed between the canines or carnassials, compressive forces predominated in the facial bones; (3) small movements observed between facial bones indicated the presence of a flexible component within the skull, thus allowing large forces to be exerted during biting without overstressing the facial bones; (4) the glenoid fossa is part of a force bearing joint; (5) forces generated during biting were resisted within the skull by forces of an opposite nature generated within the system, the incompressible nature of bone and by the effect of the soft tissues; (6) the nature and the magnitude of the strain altered when a resistance was placed at the canines and then at the carnassials; however, the pattern of force distribution within the skull remained the same; (7) there was a direct correspondence between the detailed structural organisation of the bones and the patterns of force distribution. This conclusion would appear to apply in general to mammalian skulls. The study also emphasises the importance, neglected hitherto, of carrying out a variety of experiments to determine the patterns of force distribution in bones.The Trajectorial Theory of bone organisation is discussed and, on the basis of the results obtained, a modified theory is proposed. This states that: the structural continuum is common to the compact and cancellous bone and comprises bony bars which are aligned in the optimum direction for the transmission of force to a region in the bone or bones where it is effectively resisted.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: preadipocyte ; growth hormone ; immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In the present study, monoclonal antibodies were produced using porcine adipocyte extracts as the immunogen. Two of the monoclonal antibodies, designated CB6 and IB4, exhibited reactivity toward only cells containing lipid in stromal-vascular cell cultures. The antigens recognized by the CB6 and IB4 monoclonal antibodies were 50 kD and 55 kD proteins, respectively. In vivo, IB4 immunoreactivity was detected only in lipid-containing cells, whereas immunofluorescence using CB6 was also detectable around muscle fiber bundles underlying the subcutaneous mesenchyme. In fetal subcutaneous mesenchyme, CB6 and IB4 immunoreactivities toward lipid-containing cells increased with developmental age, but each was not detectable in cells containing the smallest lipid droplets. In stromal-vascular cultures containing adipocytes, 48 hour treatment with the anti-lipogenic agent, growth hormone, only slightly altered CB6 immunoreactivity, whereas IB4 immunoreactivity was reduced by more than sixfold. The exact identity of the CB6 and IB4 antigens was not determined, but each may be useful as markers for studying regulation of adipocyte metabolism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 48 (1992), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: FACS ; pig ; monoclonal antibody ; immunofluoresence ; adipocyte differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In this report, conditions have been established for utilizing monoclonal antibodies and fluorescence activated flow cytometry in studying antigen expression by primary porcine stromal-vascular cells cultured under various conditions. Single cells were isolated from cultures maintained in DME/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2% pig serum, and containing 2% pig serum and 10 nM dexamethasone supplemented with growth hormone (GH), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Flow cytometric analyses revealed that the proportion of cells expressing detectable levels of the AD-1 cell surface antigen was greater in cultures supplemented with 2% pig serum and 10nM dexamethasone than in other media. In cultures, GH, TNF-α and TGF-β each inhibited lipid deposition, whereas TNF-α and TGF-β, but not GH, inhibited AD-1 antigen expression. Inhibition of lipid deposition as well as antigen expression by TNF-α and TGF-β was reversible, but inhibition of cluster formation by GH was not reversed upon removal from cultures. In summary, differential effects of factors on surface antigen expression by preadipocytes are detectable by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies produced against key developmentally regulated cell surface antigens is potentially a powerful analytical approach to the study of adipocyte development.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mutants of mouse L-cells which are temperature-sensitive for growth have been obtained by using both selective and nonselective isolation procedures on populations treated with the mutagen nitrosoguanidine. Selective isolation was carried out by utilizing a five-day treatment with 3H-TdR and ara-C as selective agents at the nonpermissive temperature. Nonselective isolation was performed by isolating 1400 clones in the absence of selective agents and then testing them for temperature-sensitivity. From this experiment we obtained a minimum estimate of 6 × 10-3 for the frequency of mutants in the mutagentreated population. The mutants were characterized by their plating efficiencies, growth in suspension culture, and uptake of isotopic precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein. A range in phenotypes was observed, and there appeared to be some differences between the mutants obtained by the two types of isolation procedures. In uptake experiments the most marked reductions in the rates of precursor incorporation were seen with 3H-TdR, rather than 3H-UR or 3H-Leu. Different mutant lines showed considerable variation in the rate of cessation of DNA synthesis as well as the time required for termination of cell division. These experiments suggest that both types of isolation procedures are feasible for obtaining temperature-sensitive mutants having a range of phenotypes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 83 (1974), S. 437-439 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hydroxyurea and guanazole were used as selective agents in tissue culture to obtain independent Chinese hamster ovary cell lines resistant to the cytotoxic effects of hydroxyurea or guanazole. In all cases tested a cell line selected for resistance to one of the antitumor agents exhibited resistance to both drugs. This result supports the view that these two drugs act at a common site.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Method for obtaining ionospheric electron density profiles - structure of lower f region
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-02-13
    Description: Electron and bremsstrahlung dose rate calculations from Monte Carlo energy transfer method and bremsstrahlung production method
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: PROTECT. AGAINST SPACE RADIATION 1968; P 529-538
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-10
    Description: Ionospheric electron density profiles associated with lower f-region structure in true shape profile and accuracy commensurate with height information
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: Mean electron density variations of the quiet ionosphere - computer calculations, 1959-1960
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS-TN-40-13 , PB-151399-13
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Ionospheric electron density profiles of low f region, using ionograms
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
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