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  • autoparasitoid  (2)
  • Ewe (Romney Marsh)  (1)
  • Forest fragmentation  (1)
  • Operophtera brumata  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 102-105 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thelytoky ; microorganisms ; autoparasitoid ; biological control ; sex ratio ; parthenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The production of large numbers of males in the thelytokous speciesEncarsia formosa was induced by feeding antibiotics to their mothers. The males induced by antibiotic treatment produce sperm and sometimes mate with females, but insemination does not occur.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Insect outbreaks ; Tree stress ; Operophtera brumata ; Sitka Spruce ; Site effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Since the early 1980s, the winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) has emerged as a serious pest of Sitka Spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong. plantations in southern Scotland. Outbreaks are characterised by susceptible sites within plantations which can occur immediately adjacent to resistant sites. We investigated the level of some nutrients in the trees, the date of budburst of the trees, and the numbers of some potential predators of winter moth pupae. None could satisfactorily explain outbreak patterns. Although foliage analysis demonstrated that many trees were marginal or deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, these deficiencies were not related to the susceptibility of a site. Within sites, the numbers and weights of O. brumata were positively related to phosphorus content and negatively related to calcium content of foliage. Other evidence suggests, however, that these correlations may not represent direct effects of phosphorus and calcium on larval growth and survival. Date of budburst, which commonly determines susceptibility of deciduous hosts to O. brumata, was unrelated to density, and pupal predators were more, not less, abundant in susceptible sites. Although it is difficult to distinguish between factors that initiate outbreaks and those that maintain them, these data suggest that nutrient deficiencies of trees, budburst date, and the distribution of pupal predators of the winter moth cannot explain patterns of outbreak of the winter moth on spruce.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 62-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest fragmentation ; Nest predation ; Maine ; Artificial nests ; Passerines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of forest fragments, the use of land bordering fragments, and the distance of nests from an edge all affect the frequency of predation upon bird nests in Maine (USA), an area where the forest has been fragmented by roads, but not significantly reduced in area. We placed artificial nests containing quail eggs in forests of different sizes and at various distances from the edge to test which of these factors was most important in describing predation. Predation was greatest in small tracts surrounded completely by land. Large areas and those bordered on at least one side by a large water body had lower predation rates. This suggests that influx of predators from nearby habitats may be responsible for much of the nest predation in forest fragments.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oxytocin ; Corpus luteum ; Luteinized cyst ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ewe (Romney Marsh)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anoestrous Romney Marsh ewes with or without progesterone pretreatment were injected with multiple low-doses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone followed by a single, larger bolus. Blood samples were taken at twelve-hourly intervals for progesterone radioimmunoassay. Ewes were slaughtered on day 3 or 5 after the bolus injection, and the ovaries were collected for histology and immunocytochemical examination for oxytocin-immunocreactivity. The corpora lutea of all ewes killed on day 3 had similar weights and morphology. The ovaries of those ewes which were not pretreated with progesterone also contained some luteinized cysts. Ewes slaughtered on day 5 were separated into 2 groups according to plasma progesterone profiles, which were either rising (‘normal’), or falling after a transitory rise (‘abnormal’). Those ewes pretreated with progesterone all had a ‘normal’ progesterone profile whereas, of 14 ewes not pretreated with progesterone, 6 were ‘normal’ and 8 ‘abnormal’. Corpora lutea were significantly lighter in the ‘abnormal’ group and the ovaries of most of these ewes also contained luteinized cysts. All corpora lutea and luteinised cysts showed staining for oxytocin-immunoreactivity although the staining intensity was variable. In corpora lutea from ‘normal’ ewes oxytocin was restricted to large luteal cells. In addition tissues from ‘abnormal’ ewes also contained many cells with an atypical elongated shape which stained for oxytocin-immunoreactivity. These results show that progesterone pretreatment is needed for both normal morphological and endocrine development of corpora lutea in anoestrous ewes stimulated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Encarsia pergandiella Howard ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) ; autoparasitoid ; host suitability ; hyperparasite ; Encarsia pergandiella Howard ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; Westwood ; autoparasitoïdes ; hyperparasitoîdes ; réceptivité de l'hôte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles d'Encarsia pergandiella Howard se développent comme parasitoïdes primaires des stades larvaires d'aleurodes, alors que les ♀♀ se développent comme parasitoïdes secondaires de leur propre espèce ou d'autres parasitoïdes primaires des Aleurodes. En laboratoire à 24°C, nous avons étudié le développement des ♀♀ d'E. pergandiella en utilisant comme hôte des jeunes ♂♂ d'E. pergandiella en place à l'intérieur du corps distendu deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) à des stades différents. Nous avons séparé les femelles d'E. pergandiella, adultes vierges pendant 24 h en les plaçant chacune sur des feuilles de plantes comportant des hôtes âgés soit de 5 jours (3c stade larvaire avancé), soit de 7 jours (fin de 3c stade à prépupe), soit enfin de 9 jours (pupe). Au cours d'un traitement de contrôle, on a laissé les hôtes se développer sans être exposés à des femelles adultes. L'éclosion des ♂♂ (hôtes) et des ♀♀ résultant de tous les traitements a été enregistrée quotidiennement. On a trouvé que les pupes (9 jours) d'E. pergandiella étaient les hôtes les plus propices au développement des ♀♀. Les hôtes de 9 et 7 jours ont été attaqués à un rythme semblable comme l'indique la faible proportion d'éclosion des hôtes, mais les ♀♀ éclosent plus rapidement dans le traitement de 9 jours que dans celui de 7 jours et ceci d'une manière significative. Le temps de développement des ♀♀ dans le traitement de 9 jours a été de 15±1 jours et de 16±1 dans le traitement de 7 jours (P〈0,005). La proportion d'hôtes éclos dans le traitement de 5 jours n'était pas vraiment différente de celle observée dans le traitement de contrôle. Ces résultats tendent à suggérer que la capacité colonisatrice d'E. pergandiella en serre serait limitée par un délai de 7 à 9 jours entre l'oviposition des œufs femelles et la réceptivité de ces femelles à l'oviposition des œufs mâles. Puisque le temps de développement des 2 sexes est semblable, ce délai devrait provoquer un manque de synchronisation dans l'éclosion et l'accouplement des femelles et des mâles F1.
    Notes: Abstract Encarsia pergandiella Howard females develop as primary parasitoids of immature whiteflies, whereas ♀♀ develop as secondary parasitoids on ♂♂ of their own species or on other primary whitefly parasitoids. In this experiment, maleE. pergandiella development was examined in the laboratory at 24°C, using different stages of immatureE. pergandiella females [enclosed within the cuticle ofTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] as hosts. Unmated adult femaleE. pergandiella were caged individually for 24 h on leaves of plants with either 5-day (early to late 3rd instar larval), 7-day (late 3rd instar to prepupal), or 9-day (pupal) hosts. In a control treatment, hosts were allowed to complete development without exposure to unmated adult females. Subsequent emergence of ♂♂ (hosts) and ♀♀ from all treatments was recorded daily. Pupal (9-day)E. pergandiella females were found to be the most suitable hosts for development of ♀♀. Nine- and 7-day hosts were attacked at a similar rate, as indicated by a similarly low proportion of host emergence, but ♀♀ emerged at a significantly higher rate in the 9-day treatment than in the 7-day treatment. Development time of ♀♀ was 15±1 days in the 9-day treatment, and 16±1 days in the 7-day treatment (p〈0.005). The proportion of hosts emerging from the 5-day treatment was not significantly different from the control treatment. The data suggest that the colonizing ability ofE. pergandiella in greenhouses is likely to be limited by the delay of 7–9 days between oviposition of female eggs and the suitability of these ♂♂ for oviposition of male eggs. Since development time of the 2 sexes is similar this delay should cause a lack of synchrony in the emergence and mating of F1 ♂♂ and ♀♀.
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