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  • Environment Pollution  (2)
  • growth hormone  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The regulatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on growth hormone secretion from the pituitary of common carp in vitro (1993)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: TRH ; growth hormone ; somatostatin ; apomorphine ; extracellular calcium ; pituitary fragment ; common carp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de la thyrotropine (TRH) sur la sécrétion d'hormone de croissance (GH) et de gonadotropine (GTH), et de la somatostatine (SRIF), de l'apomorphine (APO), antagoniste dopaminergique, et du calcium extracellulaire sur les sécrétions basale et stimulée de GH ont été étudiées in vitro par périfusion, de fragments d'hypophyses de carpe (Cyprinus carpio). Des applications de 5 minutes de TRH à différentes concentrations induisent une stimulation rapide et dose dépendante de la sécrétion de GH (ED50 = 9.7 ± 2.3 nM). Le TRH est sans effet sur la sécrétion de GTH. Le SRIF inhibe la sécrétion basale de GH ainsi que la résponse hypophysaire à l'action du TRH. Son action est dose dépendante. L'apomorphine induit une augmentation dose dépendante de la sécrétion basale de GH et potentialise l'action du TRH sur la stimulation de la sécrétion de GH. Des effets équivalents sont induits par des concentrations croissantes de calcium extra cellulaire de 0 à 1.2 mM, alors qu'à une concentration de 6.25 mM des effets opposés sont obtenus.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin (GtH) release, and the influences of somatostatin (SRIF), the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) and extracellular calcium on basal and TRH-induced GH release were examined using an in vitro perifusion system for pituitary fragments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five minute pulses of different dosages of TRH stimulated a rapid and dose-dependent increase in GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments with an ED50 of 9.7 ± 2.3 nM. TRH was ineffective on GtH release. SRIF significantly inhibited basal and TRH-induced GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments, and the effects of SRIF were dose-dependent. APO induced a dose-dependent increase in basal and TRH-stimulated GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments. Increasing the concentrations of extracellular calcium from 0 mM to 1.25 mM resulted in an increase in basal and TRH-induced GH release. The high dose of calcium (6.25 mM) caused a slight decrease in basal and TRH-induced GH release compared with those at a concentration of 1.25 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004552
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  • 2
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    Flying the TRMM Satellite in a GCM (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: By incorporating the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite orbital information into the Colorado State University General Circulation Model (CSU GCM), we are able to 'fly' a satellite in the GCM, and sample the simulated atmosphere in the same way as the TRMM sensors sample the real atmosphere. The TRMM-sampled statistics for precipitation and radiative fluxes at annual, intraseasonal, monthly-mean and seasonal-mean diurnal time scales are evaluated by comparing the satellite-sampled against fully-sampled simulated atmospheres. The sampling rates of the TRMM sensors are significantly affected by the sensors' swath widths. The TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and the Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) sample each 2.25 x 2.25 degree grid box in the Tropics and subtropics about once per day, but at a different local time every day, while the Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) sensor visit each grid box about once every three days and twice per day, respectively. Besides inadequate samplings resulting from sensors' swath widths, there is a large, systematic diurnal undersampling associated with TRMM's orbital geometry for grid boxes away from the Equator. When only one month of TRMM data are used, this diurnal undersampling can lead to more daytime samples relative to nighttime samples in one hemisphere, and more nighttime samples relative to daytime samples in the other hemisphere. The resulting sampling biases (3-6 W m(exp-2)) are very pronounced in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over the subtropical land masses. The sampling errors in OLR monthly- and seasonal-means are less than 8 W m(exp-2) (5%) for each 2.25 x 2.25 degree grid box. The OLR monthly- and seasonal-means are not sensitive to diurnal undersamplings associated with the TRMM orbits and sensors' swath widths. However, this is not the case for total precipitation. Diurnal undersampling could produce errors as large as 20% in the Tropics and 40% in the subtropics, for the zonally averaged monthly-mean rain rates. The TRMM orbits sample each 2.25 x 2.25 degree grid box in the Tropics and subtropics 1-6 times for each hour of the day within a single season. The seasonal-mean diurnal cycles of precipitation and OLR are not well sampled for any one grid box. By either accumulating the satellite data for a long enough period, or averaging the data over a large area with a relatively uniform diurnal signal, the diurnal cycles of precipitation and OLR can be satisfactorily sampled. The effects TRMM sampling errors on the inferred tropical-mean hydrologic cycle and radiative fluxes are also evaluated. There are strong spurious oscillations associated with TRMM's orbital geometry, with periods of 23 days and 3-4 months, in tropical-mean daily and monthly precipitation. While the relative fluctuations of the sampled-OLR are negligible, the relative fluctuations of the sampled precipitation have magnitudes similar to those of the observed climate variability. Caution must therefore be used when applying TRMM observations of tropical-mean precipitation to interpret climate variations at intraseasonal and interannual scales.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle and Radiative Fluxes: Comparisons Between Observation and a GCM (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The simulated diurnal cycle is in many ways an ideal test bed for new physical parameterizations. The purpose of this paper is to compare observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Experiment, and the Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study with the diurnal variability of the Amazonian hydrologic cycle and radiative energy budget as simulated by the Colorado State University general circulation model, and to evaluate improvements and deficiencies of the model physics. The model uses a prognostic cumulus kinetic energy (CKE) to relax the quasi-equilibrium closure of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. A parameter, alpha, is used to relate the CKE to the cumulus mass flux. This parameter is expected to vary with cloud depth, mean shear, and the level of convective activity, but up to now a single constant value for all cloud types has been used. The results of the present study show clearly that this approach cannot yield realistic simulations of both the diurnal cycle and the monthly mean climate state. Improved results are obtained using a version of the model in which alpha is permitted to vary with cloud depth.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Journal of Climate; 13; 23; 4159-4179
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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