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  • Articles  (7)
  • Organic Chemistry  (3)
  • Engineering General  (2)
  • Liquid crystals  (2)
  • PLASMA PHYSICS
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 7 (1986), S. 825-842 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Liquid crystals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto In questo lavoro si presentano misure dello splitting iperfine e del fattoreg di due spin probes nitrossidi disciolti inp-azoxyanisole, un ben noto cristallo liquido nematico, nel rapporto molecolare di circa una parte su in milione. Le molecole degli spin probes usati sono 1) 17β-hydroxy-4′, 4′-dimethylspiro-5α-androstane-3, 2′-oxazolidin/-3′-yloxil, e 2) 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-tridecyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl methyl ester; il primo ha una struttura rigida, mentre il secondo una struttura flessibile. I risultati ottenuti sono usati per dimostrare la validità del nostro modello che pone in relazione il tensore d’ordine orientazionale $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ del cristallo liquido con le precedenti quantità misurate con tecniche di risonanza di spin elettronico. Il modello è indipendente da restrizioni sulla natura delle molecole del soluto, siano esse rigide o flessibili. La relazione tra le grandezze direttamente misurate e le componenti di $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ è stabilita in due passi successivi: in primo luogo ponendo in relazione le misure con $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ , un tensore parametro d’ordine definito mediante un vettore unitario diretto come il cosiddetto lungo asse delle molecole di soluto, e successivamente ponendo $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)} = k\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ , essendok una costante scalare. Quest’ultima relazione scaturisce da plausibili ipotesi sulle interazioni solutosolvente e solvente-solvente che conducono rispettivamente a $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ e $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ , rappresentandok la loro intensità relativa. Nonostante le notevoli differenze strutturali esistenti fra le molecole dei due soluti usati, si fa rilevare per ambedue soddisfacente accordo tra teoria e risultati sperimentali. Tale accordo è essanzialmente indipendente dall’incertezza con cui sono conosciuti i parametri implicati. Inoltre, si mostra che dalle misure qui riportate si possono anche ottenere importanti parametri molecolari.
    Abstract: Реэюме В работе приводятся иэмерения сверхтонкой структуры иg-факторов двух спиновых N2O меток вp-аэоксианиэоле, хорошо иqqeвестном одноосном нематическом жидком кристалле. В качестве молекул спиновой метки испольэуются: 1) 17β-гидрокси-4′, 4′-деметилспиро-/5α-андростан-3, 2′-оксаэолидин/-3-илоксил, и 2) 2-(3-карбоксипропил)-4,4-диметил-2-тридецил-3-оксаэолидинило ксил метиловый сложный эфир. Иэвестно, что первое соединение имеет жесткую, а второе—гибкую структуры. Полученные реэультаты демонстрируют справедливость нашей модели, которая свяэывает тенэор ориентационного порядка $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ жидких кристаллов с величинами, иэмеренными с помощью техники злектронного спинового реэонанса. Предложенная модель свободна от ограничений, свяэанных с природой молекул растворенног о вещества, жесткостью или гибкостью. Свяэь между непосредственно иэмеренными величинами и компонентами $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ усганавливается в два этапа: сначала иэмеренные величины свяэываются c $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ тенэором параметров порядка, определяющим единичный вектор вдоль так наэываемой длинной оси молекул растворенного вещества, а эатем испольэуется соотношение $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)} = k\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ , гдеk есть скалярная константа. Последнее соотношение получено на основе правдоподобных предположений о вэаимодействиях растворенного вещества и растворителя и молекул растворителя между собой, которые приводят к $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ и $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ соответственно, аk характериэует относительную интенсивность вэаимодействий. Несмотря на эначительные структурные раэличия, существующие между двумя рассматриваемыми молекулами растворенного вещества, для обоих веществ наблюдается удовлетворительное согласие между теорией и экспериментом. Полученное согласие не эависит от неопределенностей нашего энания параметров, входящих в эадачу. Кроме того, мы отмечаем, что важные молекулярные параметры могут быть получены иэ таких иэмерений.
    Notes: Summary We present here measurements of hyperfine splittings andg factors of two nitroxide spin probes dissolved inp-azoxyanisole, a wellknown uniaxial nematic liquid crystal, about one part to a million in their molecular ratio. The spin probe molecules used are 1) 17β-hydroxy-4′, 4′-dimethylspiro-/5α-androstane-3, 2′-oxazolidin/-3′-yloxyl, and 2) 2-(3-Carboxypropyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-tridecyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl methyl ester; the former is known to have rigid and the latter flexible structures. These results are used to demonstrate the validity of our model that relates the orientational-order tensor $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ of liquid crystals to the above quantities obtained by the electron spin resonance technique. The model is free of restrictions on the nature of the solute molecules, rigid or flexible. The relation between these directly measured quantities and the components of $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ is established in two steps: first by relating them to $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ , an order parameter tensor defined by a unit vector along the so-called long axis of solute molecules, and then by the use of $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)} = k\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ , wherek is a scalar constant. This latter relation is obtained on the plausible arguments of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions giving rise to $${\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow}^{(p)}$$ and $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ , respectively, andk representing their relative strengths. In spite of appreciable structural differences existing between these two solute molecules, very satisfactory agreements between the theory and experiment are observed for both. Such agreements are essentially independent of uncertainties in our knowledge of the parameters involved. Furthermore, we show that important molecular parameters can also be obtained from such measurements.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 4 (1984), S. 229-244 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Liquid crystals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si propone qui un modello per il parametro d’ordine orientazionale nei cristalli liquidi dal punto di vista microscopico e in conformità con la sua comprensione corrente ben stabilita nel campo delle transizioni di fase. Questo modello ha una stretta somiglianza con le idee originali di Maier e Saupe. Comunque, ciò è indipendente dalla natura delle molecole, rigida o flessibile, e non ci permette di descrivere una fase con un tensore di parametro d’ordine singolo $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ come ci si attendeva. In piú, un importante vantaggio di questo modello in contrasto con quelli equivalenti è la sua capacità di separare i contributi d’ordine a largo raggio da informazioni locali inerenti a misurazioni microscopiche come per mezzo di tecniche NMR e EPR con alcuni presupposti ragionevoli. Tutti questi sono dimostrati qui con i tagli quadrupolari osservati per diverse posizioni del deuterio in molecole a lunga catena che formano la fase nematica uniassiale. II ruolo delle conformazioni molecolari nei tagli osservati è pure dimostrato esplicitamente reinstaurando costanti di accoppiamento quadrupolare e orientamenti di legame in diverse posizioni molecolari. Questi risultati sono in ragionevole accordo con dati disponibili.
    Abstract: Резюме Предлагается моделъ ориентационного порядка в жидких кристаллах с микроскопиъки зрения и в соответствии с имеющимся пониманием фазовых переходов. Эта моделъ имеет тесхую связъ с первонаъалыми идеями Майера и Соупа. Моделъ не зависит от природы молекул (жестких или гибких) и позволяет описатъ фазу с помощъю тензора $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ . Кроме того, важное преимущество этой модели по сравнению с предыдущими моделями заключается в возможности разделения вкладов далънодействующего порядка от локалщной информации, свойственной микроскопиъеским измерениям типа ЯРМ и ЭПР. Возможности этой модели иллюстрируются на примере наблюдаемых расщеплений для разлиъных местоположений дейтерия для длинных цепных молекул, образующих одноосную нематиъескую фазу. В явном виде покаывается влияние молекулярных конформаций на наблюдаемые расщепления, восстанавливая постоянные квадру-польиой связи и ориентации связей при различных положениях молекул. Полекул. Полученные результаты хорощо согласуются с имеющимися данными.
    Notes: Summary A model for the orientational-order parameter in liquid crystals from the microscopic viewpoint and in conformity with its current understanding well established in the field of phase transitions is proposed here. This model has a close resemblance with the original ideas of Maier and Saupe. However, it is independent of the nature of molecules, rigid or flexible, and enables us to describe a phase with a single-order parameter tensor $$\mathop S\limits^ \leftrightarrow$$ as expected. Moreover, an important advantage of this model in contrast to the prevailing ones is its, ability to separate the contributions of long-range order from local information inherent in any microscopic measurement such as by NMR and EPR techniques with some reasonable assumptions. All these are demonstrated here with the observed quadrupole splittings for different deuterium sites of long-chain molecules forming the uniaxial nematic phase. The role of molecular conformations on the observed splittings is also explicitly demonstrated by recovering quadrupole coupling constants and bond orientations at different molecular sites. These results are in reasonable agreement with available data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 28 (1965), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reduction of trivalent manganese by tartrate in aqueous solution has been studied. The reaction is catalysed by H+-ions and retarted by the presence of Mn2+. Increase in the concentration of tartrate lowers the rate of reduction of manganese (III). The temperature coefficient of the reaction which is first order, is 3.97 between 30° and 40°.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 30 (1965), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction between citrate and aqueous iodine is accelerated by the presence of tripositive managanese. The reaction is first order with respect to iodine and increase in concentration of Citrate suppresses the rate of reaction. Increase in the concentration of Mn(III) enhances the reaction rate. pH has a marked influence on the rate of reaction, the reaction being fastest at pH 4.25. The temperature coefficient is of the order of 3. The manganous ions lower the rate of reaction at pH higher than 3.30 while no such effect is noted below this pH. A suitable mechanism has been suggested.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 2363-2398 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Voronoi cell finite element model ; porous and composite materials ; elastoplasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Voronoi Cell Finite Element Model (VCFEM) has been successfully developed for materials with arbitrary microstructural distribution. In this method, the finite element mesh evolves naturally by Dirichlet Tessellation of the microstructure. Composite VCFEM for small deformation plasticity has been developed by expressing the element stresses in terms of polynomial expansions of location co-ordinates. Though this works well for discrete composites with inclusions, its effectiveness diminishes sharply for porous materials with voids. The effect worsens sharply with voids of arbitrary shapes. To overcome this limitation, a new way of defining stress functions is introduced in this paper. Based on a transformation method similar to the Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping, it introduces reciprocal stress functions that are derived to incorporate shape effects. Several numerical experiments are conducted to establish the strength of this formulation. The effect of various microstructural morphologies on the overall response and local variables are studied.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 3247-3272 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: arbitrary Lagrangian-EulerianFEM ; r-adaptation ; s-adaptation ; metal forming ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, an adaptive Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method is developed for solving large deformation problems with applications in metal-forming simulation. The ALE mesh movement is coupled with r-adaptation of automatic node relocation, to minimize element distortion during the process of deformation. Strain localization is considered in this study through the constitutive relations for ductile porous materials. Prediction of localized deformation is achieved through a multilevel mesh superimposition method, termed as s-adaptation. The model is validated by comparison with established results and codes, and a few metal-forming problems are simulated to test its effectiveness.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 30 (1965), S. 6-9 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of reduction of trivalent manganese by citrate in aqueous solution has been studied. The reaction is optimum at pH 3.30 of the citrate solution and is retarded by the presence of Mn2+ for the citrate solution of pH 3.30 or higher. Increase in the concentration of citrate lowers the rate of reduction of Mn(III). The temperature coefficient of the reaction is 1.83 between 20°C and 30°C.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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