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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 307-315 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: higher-order method ; complex time steps ; time step integration ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the second-order-accurate non-dissipative Newmark method is modified to third-order-accurate with controllable dissipation by using complex time steps. Among these algorithms, the asymptotic annihilating algorithm and the non-dissipative algorithm are found to be the first sub-diagonal (1,2) and diagonal (2,2) Padé approximations, respectively. The non-dissipative algorithm is therefore fourth-order-accurate. The stability properties and errors for algorithms with other dissipations are between these two algorithms. The spectral radii, the algorithmic damping ratios and the relative period errors for the present third-order complex-time-step algorithms are compared favourably with other algorithms. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1599-1618 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method based on the virtual work principle to determine the steady state response of frams in free or forced periodic vibration is introduced. The axial and flexural deformations are coupled by mean of the induced axial force along the element. The spatial discretization of the deformations is achieved by the usual finite element method and the time discretization by Fourier coefficients of the nodal displacements. No unconventional element matrices are needed. After applying the harmonic balance method, a set of non-linear algebraic equations of the Fourier coefficients is obtained. These equations are solved by the Newtonian iteration method in terms of the Fourier coefficient increments. Nodal damping can easily be included by a diagonal damping matrix. The direct numerical determination of the Fourier coefficient increments is difficult owing to the presence of peaks, loops and discontinuities of slope along the amplitude-frequency response curves. Parametric construction of the response curves using the phase difference between the response and excitation is recommended to provide more points during the rapid change of the phase (i.e. at resonance). For undamped natural vibration, the method of selective coefficients adopted.Numerical examples on the Duffing equation, a hinged-hinged beam, a clamped-hinged beam, a ring and a frame are given. For reasonably accurate results, it is shown that the number of finite elements must be sufficient to predict at least the linear mode at the frequency of interest and the number of harmones considered must satisfy the conditions of completeness and balanceability, which are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 31 (1991), S. 967-985 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic substructure method is extended to linear and non-linear coupling systems. Only those master co-ordinates with non-linear nature (non-linear co-ordinates) are retained. Other slave co-ordinates relating to the linear part (linear co-ordinates) are eliminated by the dynamic substructure method. The dynamic flexibility matrix associated with the linear co-ordinates is first expanded in terms of the fixed interface natural modes. The condensed dynamic stiffness-matrix associated with the non-linear co-ordinates is formed subsequently. The convergence of the condensed dynamic stiffness matrix with respect to the natural modes can be improved by means of matrix manipulations and Taylor series expansion. To find the steady state solutions, the non-linear responses are expanded into a Fourier series. Responses of the linear co-ordinates are related to the non-linear co-ordinates analytically. To solve for the unknown Fourier coefficients, the harmonic balance method gives a set of non-linear algebraic equations relating the vibrating frequency and the nodal displacement coefficients. A Newtonian algorithm is adopted to solve for the unknown Fourier coefficients iteratively. The computational cost of a non-linear analysis depends heavily on the number of degrees of freedom encountered. In the method, the number of degrees of freedom is kept to a minimum and the computational cost is greatly reduced.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 3475-3495 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: structural dynamics ; time finite elements ; Hermitian shape functions ; unconditionally stable algorithms ; higher-order accurate algorithms ; time-step integration ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, single step time finite elements using the cubic Hermitian shape functions to interpolate the solution over a time interval are considered. The second-order differential equations are manipulated directly. Both the effects of modal damping and external excitation are considered. The accuracy of the solutions at the end of the time interval and the interpolated solutions within the time interval is investigated. The weighted residual approach is adopted to derive the time-integration algorithms. Instead of specifying the weighting functions, the weighting parameters are used to control the characteristics of the time finite elements. The weighting parameters are chosen to eliminate the higher-order truncation error terms or to enforce the asymptotic annihilation condition. A one-parameter family of third-order accurate asymptotically annihilating algorithms and another one-parameter family of fourth-order accurate non-dissipative algorithms are presented. The ranges of the weighting parameters for unconditionally stable algorithms are given. It is found that one of the members in each family corresponds to the Padé approximants of the exponential function in solving the first-order differential equations. Some of the existing unconditionally stable higher-order accurate algorithms are re-derived by the present unified approach.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 5 (1992), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the method of transmission-line modelling is used to determine the transient response of a lossy transmission line. Non-linearity and frequency-dependent parameters (R and G) can be included without undue difficulty. Several numerical examples are described and are compared with exact and/or experimental results. In all cases good agreements are obtained.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 193-209 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A phase increment method is introduced to construct the response curves for the damped Duffing oscillator in primary, superharmonic, and subharmonic resonances. Non-linear parameters can be arbitrarily large. The algorithm is numerically stable. All resonance response curves are constructed in a unified manner. Closed loop curves are obtained in subharmonic resonances as opposed to open ended ones predicted by the perturbation method. Higher order resonances are constructed without difficulties. Loops are also observed in superharmonic resonances when non-linearity is not small.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 337-356 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic stiffness method is extended to large amplitude free and forced vibrations of frames. When the steady state vibration is concerned, the time variable is replaced by the frequency parameter in the Fourier series sense and the governing partial differential equations are replaced by a set of ordinary differential equations in the spatial variables alone. The frequency-dependent shape functons are generated approximately for the spatial discretization. These shape functions are the exact solutions of a beam element subjected to mono-frequency excitation and constant axial force to minimize the spatial discretization errors. The system of ordinary differential equations is replaced by a system of non-linear algebraic equations with the Fourier coefficients of the nodal displacements as unknowns. The Fourier nodal coefficients are solved by the Newtonian algorithm in an incremental manner. When an approximate solution is available, an improved solution is obtained by solving a system of linear equations with the Fourier nodal increments as unknowns. The method is very suitable for parametric studies. When the excitation frequency is taken as a parameter, the free vibration response of various resonances can be obtained without actually computing the linear natural modes. For regular points along the response curves, the accuracy of the gradient matrix (Jacobian or tangential stiffness matrix) is secondary (cf. the modified Newtonian method). However, at the critical positions such as the turning points at resonances and the branching points at bifurcations, the gradient matrix becomes important. The minimum number of harmonic terms required is governed by the conditions of completeness and balanceability for predicting physically realistic response curves. The evaluations of the newly introduced mixed geometric matrices and their derivatives are given explicitly for the computation of the gradient matrix.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 4501-4527 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: time-step integration ; step-response matrix ; impulsive-response matrix ; structural dynamics ; recursive evaluation procedure ; non-proportional damping ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a precise time-step integration method for dynamic problems is presented. The second-order differential equations for dynamic problems are manipulated directly. A general damping matrix is considered. The transient responses are expressed in terms of the steady-state responses, the given initial conditions and the step-response and impulsive-response matrices. The steady-state responses for various types of excitations are readily obtainable. The computation of the step-response and impulsive-response matrices and their time derivatives are studied in this paper. A direct computation of these matrices using the Taylor series solutions is not efficient when the time-step size Δt is not small. In this paper, the recurrence formulae relating the response matrices at t=Δt to those at t=Δt/2 are constructed. A recursive procedure is proposed to evaluate these matrices at t=Δt from the matrices at t=Δt/2m. The matrices at t=Δt/2m are obtained from the Taylor series solutions. To improve the computational efficiency, the relations between the response matrices and their time derivatives are investigated. In addition, these matrices are expressed in terms of two symmetric matrices that can also be evaluated recursively. Besides, from the physical point of view, these matrices should be banded for small Δt. Both the stability and accuracy characteristics of the present algorithm are studied. Three numerical examples are used to illustrate the highly precise and stable algorithm. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 41 (1998), S. 65-93 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Newmark method ; complex-time-steps ; time-step integration method ; higher-order algorithms ; excitation modification ; parallel algorithms ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, unconditionally stable higher-order accurate time-step integration algorithms with controllable numerical dissipation are presented. The algorithms are based on the Newmark method with complex time steps. The ultimate spectral radius (μ), the sub-step locations (βj) and the weighting factors (αj) are the algorithmic parameters. For an algorithm that is (2n-1)th order accurate, the sub-step locations which may be complex, are shown to be the roots of an nth degree polynomial. The polynomial is given explicitly in terms of n and μ. The weighting factors are then obtained by solving a system of n simultaneous equations. It is further shown that the order of accuracy is increased by one for the non-dissipative algorithms with μ=1. The stability properties of the present algorithms are studied. It is shown that if the ultimate spectral radius is set between -1 and 1, the eigenvalues of the numerical amplification matrix are complex with magnitude less than or equal to unity. The algorithms are therefore unconditionally C-stable. When the ultimate spectral radius is set to 0 or 1, the algorithms are found to be equivalent to the first sub-diagonal and diagonal Padé approximations, respectively. The present algorithms are more general as the numerical dissipation is controllable and are very suitable for parallel computers. The accuracy of the excitation responses is found to be enhanced by the present complex-time-step procedure. To maintain high-order accuracy, the excitation may need some modifications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 6 (1990), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 0748-8025
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The incremental harmonic balance method has been successful for harmonic excitation. It is extended to determine the steady-state solutions of a non-linear oscillator subject to periodic (two-harmonic) excitation. Higher-order subharmonic solutions result from bifurcations. As the bifurcation process continues in an accelerated rate, chaotic solutions are obtained when no simple subharmonic solution coexists. When periodic solutions do coexist, the final steady-state solution depends on the initial conditions. The evolution of the amplitude against the system parameters can be recorded on a bifurcation graph. An initial bifurcation graph is constructed when one of the system parameters varies. Neighbouring bifurcation graphs when other system parameters are changing are obtained in an incremental manner. If only the boundaries dividing the qualitatively different solutions are constructed, a parametric diagram is obtained. The characteristic of the solutions can be read directly from the diagram. For an oscillator subject to two-harmonic excitation, the parametric diagram is found to be qualitatively different from those with one-harmonic excitation. The parametric diagram is highly foliated when many stable and unstable higher-order subharmonic solutions coexist at the same time under some combination of conditions. It is possible that the periodic solutions disappear suddenly and give way to chaotic solutions due to a small change in the system parameters without undergoing period doubling.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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