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  • GEOPHYSICS  (8)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (2)
  • 1
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    Solar and chemical reaction-induced heating in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Airglow and chemical processes in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere are reviewed, and initial parameterizations of the processes applicable to multidimensional models are presented. The basic processes by which absorbed solar energy participates in middle atmosphere energetics for absorption events in which photolysis occurs are illustrated. An approach that permits the heating processes to be incorporated in numerical models is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Conference on the Middle Atmosphere, 8th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-49361 21-47); p. 110-115.
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  • 2
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    An evaluation of the rate of absorption of solar radiation in the O2(X3Sigma-g - b1Sigma-g) transition (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The rate at which molecular oxygen absorbs radiation in the O2(X3Sigma-g - b1Sigma-g) transition is calculated using a line-by-line radiative transfer model. This rate is critical to the determination of the population of the O2(b1Sigma-g) state required for studies of the O2(b1Sigma-g - X3Sigma-g) dayglow, the O2(a1Delta-g - X3Sigma-g) dayglow, and possibly the rates of oxidation of H2 and N2O. Previous evaluations of this rate (which is sometimes called the g-factor) have significantly overestimated its value. The rate is tabulated as a function of altitude, pressure, and solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 14; p. 1439-1442.
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  • 3
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    A detailed evaluation of the heating efficiency in the middle atmosphere (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The role of airglow losses in reducing the efficiency of solar heating in the Hartley, Huggins, and Chappuis bands of ozone in the Herzberg, Ly alpha, Schumann-Runge continuum, and in Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen is investigated together with the role of heating due to seven chemical reactions in the middle atmosphere. The results of calculations of bulk efficiencies demonstrate that airglow and chemiluminescent emission significantly reduce the amount of energy available for heat throughout the mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; D6; p. 10,517-10,541.
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  • 4
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    On the efficiency of solar heating in the middle atmosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The efficiency at which solar ultraviolet radiation absorbed in the Hartley band of ozone is directly converted to heat in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (50-110 km) is calculated. The ozone molecule undergoes photolysis to yield the excited species O(1D) and O2(1Delta) with a quantum yield of about 0.9. Spontaneous emission from O2(1Delta) and from O2(1Sigma) (excited by energy transfer from O/1D/) significantly decreases the amount of energy available for heat. Similarly, the efficiency at which solar ultraviolet radiation absorbed by O2 in the Schumann-Runge continuum is directly converted to heat in the lower thermosphere (95-110 km) is calculated. The O2 undergoes photolysis and the excited product O(1D) is generated. Spontaneous emission from O2(1Sigma) (excited by energy transfer from O/1D/) reduces the amount of energy available for heat in the lower thermosphere. The consideration of these energy transfer and loss processes results in significantly reduced heating rates as compared to those conventionally calculated in models of the middle atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 1201-120
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  • 5
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    Middle atmosphere heating by exothermic chemical reactions involving odd-hydrogen species (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The rate of heating which occurs in the middle atmosphere due to four exothermic reactions involving members of the odd-hydrogen family is calculated. The following reactions are considered: O + OH yields O2 + H; H + O2 + M yields HO2 + M; H + O3 yields OH + O2; and O + HO2 yields OH + O2. It is shown that the heating rates due to these reactions rival the oxygen-related heating rates conventionally considered in middle-atmosphere models. The conversion of chemical potential energy into molecular translational energy (heat) by these odd-hydrogen reactions is shown to be a significant energy source in the middle atmosphere that has not been previously considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 37-40
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  • 6
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    Calculation of infrared limb emission by ozone in the terrestrial middle atmosphere. I - Source functions. II - Emission calculations (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The departure from LTE in the vibration-rotation bands of ozone in the middle atmosphere is analyzed using two statistical equilibrium models: the energy gap model and the simplified single model. The diurnal variations in the fundamental band source functions nu(1) and nu(3) is determined by the diurnal change in the rate of ozone photolysis by the solar radiation. Source functions are presented for the vibration-rotation bands of ozone that emit in the 9-11-micron spectral interval, over an altitude range of 1-110 km. Results are also reported of the evaluation of the radiative transfer equation incorporating these source functions and energy level populations. Using the results of the two statistical equilibrium models, calculations are carried out of the spectrally integrated limb radiance for the limb viewing geometry for daytime conditions. Results indicate that the interpretation of the measurements of spectrally integrated limb radiance from ozone will be greatly complicated by the breakdown of LTE in the vibration-rotational bands of ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 16497-16
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  • 7
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    Rapid computation of the radiative absorption rate in the nu3 mode of mesospheric and lower thermospheric ozone (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An algorithm has been developed to calculate rapidly and accurately the rate at which the ozone nu3 fundamental band absorbs IR radiation in the terrestrial upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Accurate knowledge of this rate is essential for studies of non-LTE processes in ozone and for estimating ozone concentrations from measurements of non-LTE IR emission from the middle atmosphere. In the algorithm, the 1252 ozone nu3 fundamental lines that govern radiative absorption are divided into 13 groups according to line strength. The absorption rate due to a single line representative of the mean line strength of each group is then calculated. The total absorption rate is obtained by multiplying the absorption rate for each mean line by the total number of lines within each group and adding the resultant products for all 13 groups.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 46; 463-471
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  • 8
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    SABER Observations of the OH Meinel Airglow Variability Near the Mesopause (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, observes the OH Meinel emission at 2.0 m that peaks near the mesopause. The emission results from reactions between members of the oxygen and hydrogen chemical families that can be significantly affected by mesopause dynamics. In this study we compare SABER measurements of OH Meinel emission rates and temperatures with predictions from a 3-dimensional chemical dynamical model. In general, the model is capable of reproducing both the observed diurnal and seasonal OH Meinel emission variability. The results indicate that the diurnal tide has a large effect on the overall magnitude and temporal variation of the emission in low latitudes. This tidal variability is so dominant that the seasonal cycle in the nighttime emission depends very strongly on the local time of the analysis. At higher latitudes, the emission has an annual cycle that is due mainly to transport of oxygen by the seasonally reversing mean circulation.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 9
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    Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium limb radiance from O3 and CO2 in the 9-11 micrometer spectral region (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Satellite remote sensing of mesospheric and thermospheric O3 abundance in the terrestrial atmosphere often uses 9-11 micrometer thermal emission. In this paper, we apply a line-by-line non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiance model to this spectral region and investigate the conditions of LTE breakdown and the effect that this has on the limb radiance measured by an i.r. sounder. Monochromatic and band-integrated radiance calculations have been performed for limb view tangent heights between 55 and 105 km under daytime and nighttime conditions. Non-LTE emission from both O3 and CO2 are shown to be important with the divergence of radiance from LTE values and the diurnal variation being band dependent. We have shown that the contribution of the CO2 bands to the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere O3 channel is significant for daytime conditions at tangent heights above about 60 km. A study has been made to choose O3 sounding channel spectral passbands for the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder. High resolution calculations are required to determine those spectral intervals that will filter radiance from selected bands and characterize their non-LTE behavior. This will allow for improved O3 retrievals above 70 km and non-LTE studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 4-Mar; p. 389-407
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  • 10
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    First Light from the Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST) Instrument (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We present first light spectra from the new Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST) instrument. FIRST is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer developed to measure accurately the far-infrared (15 to 100 micrometers; 650 to 100 wavenumbers) emission spectrum of the Earth and its atmosphere. The observations presented here were obtained during a high altitude balloon flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico on 7 June 2005. The flight data demonstrate the instrument's ability to observe the entire energetically significant infrared emission spectrum (50 to 2000 wavenumbers) at high spectral and spatial resolution on a single focal plane in an instrument with one broad spectral bandpass beamsplitter. Comparisons with radiative transfer calculations demonstrate that FIRST accurately observes the very fine spectral structure in the far-infrared. Comparisons of the atmospheric window radiances measured by FIRST and by instruments on the NASA Aqua satellite that overflew FIRST are in excellent agreement. FIRST opens a new window on the spectrum that can be used for studying atmospheric radiation and climate, cirrus clouds, and water vapor in the upper troposphere.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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