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  • 1
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    Preliminary results of the Spacelab 2 superfluid helium experiment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment to investigate the properties of superfluid helium in a microgravity environment flew on the Shuttle on the Spacelab 2 mission in July and August of 1985. This paper summarizes the flight experiment and describes some preliminary results. The experiment comprised an investigation of long-wavelength third-sound waves in micron-thick films, a study of the motions of superfluid helium under milli-g and micro-g accelerations, and measurements of the fluctuations in temperature associated with the small motions of the bulk helium. An additional objective was to qualify and characterize a reflyable, space-compatible cryostat.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
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  • 2
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    A technique for thick polymer coating of inertial-confinement-fusion targets (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique to coat a stalk-mounted inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) target with a thick polymer layer has been successfully demonstrated. The polymer solution is first atomized, allowed to coalesce into a droplet, and positioned in a stable acoustic levitating field. The stalk-mounted ICF target is then moved into the acoustic field by manipulating a 3-D positioner to penetrate the surface membrane of the droplet, thus immersing the target in the levitated coating solution. The target inside the droplet is maintained at the center of the levitated liquid using the 3-D positional information provided by two orthogonally placed TV cameras until the drying process is completed. The basic components of the experimental apparatus, including an acoustic levitator, liquid sample deployment device, image acquisition instrumentation, and 3-D positioner, are briefly described.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: (ISSN 0734-2101)
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  • 3
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    Sensational spherical shells (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fluid-dynamic and capillary forces can be used to form nearly perfect, very small spherical shells when a liquid that can solidify is passed through an annular die to form an annular jet. Gravity and certain properties of even the most ideal materials, however, can cause slight asymmetries. The primary objective of the present work is the control of this shell formation process in earth laboratories rather than space microgravity, through the development of facilities and methods that minimize the deleterious effects of gravity, aerodynamic drag, and uncontrolled cooling. The spherical shells thus produced can be used in insulation, recyclable filter materials, fire retardants, explosives, heat transport slurries, shock-absorbing armor, and solid rocket motors.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 24; 72-74
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  • 4
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    Applications of spherical shells (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A new technique of producing hollow spheres of many materials at a very rapid rate, at very low cost, and with high reproducibility of shell diameter and wall thickness has been developed. Shells formed of metal or of other solid materials are expected to find numerous technical and industrial applications. For example, metal shells might be used as inertial confinement fusion targets, or as the principal constituents in lightweight structural materials for NASA Space Stations or DOD large antennas and mirrors, or be employed as containers for phase-change heat-storage media, or serve as containers for hazardous materials, or be employed as catalytic surface agents.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 84-123
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  • 5
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    Method and apparatus for producing concentric hollow spheres (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Hollow spheres with precisely concentric inner and outer spherical surfaces are formed by applying vibrations to a nonconcentric hollow sphere while it is at an elevated temperature at which it is fluid or plastic, the vibrations producing internal flows which cause the inner and outer surfaces to become precisely concentric. Concentric spheres can be mass produced by extruding a material such as glass or metal while injecting a stream of gas into the center of the extrusion to form a gas-filled tube. Vibrations are applied to the extruded tube to help break it up into individual bodies of a desired uniform size, the bodies tending to form spherical inner and outer surfaces by reason of surface tension, and the continuing application of vibrations causing these surfaces to become concentric.
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  • 6
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    Method and apparatus for producing gas-filled hollow spheres (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A system for forming hollow spheres containing pressured gas is described which includes a cylinder device containing a molten solid material with a nozzle at its end. A second gas nozzle, lying slightly upstream from the tip of the first nozzle, is connected to a source that applies pressured filler gas that is to fill the hollow spheres. High pressure is applied to the molten metal, as by moving a piston within the cylinder device, to force the molten material out of the first nozzle. At the same time, pressured gas fills the center of the extruded hollow liquid pipe that breaks into hollow spheres. The environment outside the nozzles contains gas at a high pressure such as 100 atmospheres. Gas is supplied to the gas nozzle at a slightly higher pressure such as 101 atmospheres. The pressure applied to the molten material is at a still higher pressure such as 110 atmospheres.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
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  • 7
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    Onset phenomena in superfluid helium (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Onset phenomena in superfluid helium have been studied by measuring the rotational decay constant of a levitated, superconducting niobium sphere coated with an unsaturated superfluid film. The novel features of onset that were observed are discussed. Previous observations of a two-layer-thick solid phase of helium underlying the film have been confirmed.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 33; Nov. 4
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  • 8
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    Application of microgravity and containerless environments to the investigation of fusion target fabrication technology (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: After the first observation of the core-centering force within a liquid shell in the KC-135 flight experiment, this force was successfully reproduced in terrestrial laboratories using two experimental techniques. The core-centering force generated for a compound drop system in the neutral buoyancy tank provides the first correlation between theoretical and experimental results. When this force was generated in a more realistic fusion-pellet system using the focusing-radiator levitating system, it was shown that this is a very strong force indeed in view of the fact that the ratio of specific gravities between the water and the core is approximately five. It is believed that this centering force will contribute significantly to an overall understanding of the fabrication physics of a fusion target system. Results from experiments in a vertical drag-free wind tunnel and in a 16-ft low pressure drop furnace suggest that eliminating or reducing the aerodynamic drag on fusion pellets during their formation stage will prevent the decentering of the bubble. Metallic and metallic glass fusion targets are seen as holding promise for improving and simplifying the fabrication process for ablative-type fusion targets.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Materials processing in the reduced gravity environment of space; Annual Meeting; Nov 16, 1981 - Nov 18, 1981; Boston, MA
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  • 9
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    Investigation of metallic and metallic glass hollow spheres for fusion target application (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The first successful formation of submillimeter and millimeter spherical shells of tin and of a gold-lead-antimony alloy by means of the hollow-jet instability technique developed by Kendall is reported. Examination of tin specimens by SEM reveals that surface quality varies from poor to excellent. Whereas the metal is employed only as a convenient and inexpensive material, the gold alloy is important in that it is hard, has a high atomic number, and may be solidified into the amorphous state through the provision of a modest cooling rate. AuPbSb spherules up to 1.5 mm in diameter are produced using LN2 or chilled methanol as a coolant. It is found that these amorphous samples possess a superb surface smoothness compatible with fusion target requirements. It is noted that hollow spheres currently made of this alloy have an average outside diameter of 2000 microns.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Materials processing in the reduced gravity environment of space; Annual Meeting; Nov 16, 1981 - Nov 18, 1981; Boston, MA
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  • 10
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    Polymer coating of glass microballoons levitated in a focused acoustic field (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) glass microballoons (GMBs) levitated in a focusing radiator acoustic device can be coated with liquid materials by deploying the liquid into the levitation field with a stepped-horn atomizer. The GMB can be forced to the center of the coating liquid with a strong acoustically generated centering force. Water solutions of organic polymers, UV-curable liquid organic monomers, and paraffin waxes have been used to prepare solid coatings on the surface of GMBs using this technique.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Materials processing in the reduced gravity environment of space; Annual Meeting; Nov 16, 1981 - Nov 18, 1981; Boston, MA
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