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  • 1
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    Advances in materials and current collecting networks for AMTEC electrodes (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Electrode materials for the Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) play a significant role in the efficiency of the device. RhW and PtW alloys have been studied to determine the best performing material. While RhW electrodes typically have power densities somewhat lower than PtW electrodes, PtW performance is strongly influenced by the Pt/W ratio. The best performing Pt/W ratio is about 3.4. RhW electrodes sinter more slowly than PtW and are predicted to have operating lifetimes up to 40 years; PtW electrodes are predicted to have lifetimes up to 7 years. Interaction with the current collection network can significantly decrease lifetime by inducing metal migration and segregation and by accelerating the sintering rate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: In: IECEC '92; Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, Aug. 3-7, 1992. Vol. 3 (A93-25851 09-44); p. 3.7-3.12.
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  • 2
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    Assessment of the US industrial program for AMTEC development (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) is a static energy conversion technology that is expected to provide low mass thermal to electric conversion with efficiencies between 20 and 35 percent. The U.S. program to develop this technology for space power applications has grown substantially over the past 3 years. This expanding program has brought together several laboratories and technical consultants, in separately sponsored projects, to develop the key elements of the technology. An assessment of this multiparty program indicates that, in general, the effort has focused on the high priority technical elements with only moderate overlap between individual projects. There are, however, several areas where additional coordination is needed between major participants in the existing projects, and other areas where new projects should be started, in order to provide reliable space power systems without unnecessary delays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: In: IECEC '92; Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, Aug. 3-7, 1992. Vol. 3 (A93-25851 09-44); p. 3.215-3.220.
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  • 3
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    The role of oxygen in porous molybdenum electrodes for the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for chemical reactions in porous molybdenum electrodes is presented which is based on thermochemical and kinetic data, known sodium-molybdenum-oxygen chemistry, X-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum and molybdenum oxide electrodes, and the electrochemical behavior of the cell. Enhanced sodium transport through the electrode in its optimum performance state is found to be due to the high sodium ion conductivity of molten Na2MoO4 in the pores, and the electrical conduction to the molybdenum matrix by Na2Mo3O6. The decline of electrode performance is shown to be due to a combination of loss mechanisms for the Na-Mo-O compounds including reduction at short circuit, disproportionation of Na2Mo3O6 at open circuit, and the evaporation of Na2MoO4 at elevated temperature. It is suggested that operation of the cell at moderate voltage of about 0.5 V corresponding to maximum power may be a more stable condition for the porous electrode than open-circuit stand or short-circuit, where degradation reactions are heightened.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 133; 1587-159
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  • 4
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    Mechanistic studies related to the safety of Li/SOCl2 cells (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mechanistic studies of the reactions in Li-SOCl2 cells have been undertaken to improve understanding of the safety problems of these cells. The electrochemical reduction of 1.5M LiAlCl4/SOCl2 has been investigated using gas chromatography, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Cl2 and S2Cl2 have been identified as intermediates in the reduction of SOCl2, along with a radical species (g/xx/ = 2.004, g/yy/ = 2.016, g/zz/ = 2.008) and the proposed triplet ground-state dimer of this radical. SO2 and sulfur have been identified as products. Based upon these findings, a mechanism for the electrochemical reduction of 1.5M LiAlCl4/SOCl2 has been proposed, and its implications for safety of Li-SOCl2 cells during discharge to +0.5V at 25-30 C are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 132; 525-528
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  • 5
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    Effects of Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 on molybdenum and tungsten electrodes for the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of adding Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 to porous Mo and W electrodes, respectively, on the performance and impedance characteristics of the electrodes in an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) were investigated. It was found that corrosion of the porous electrode by Na2MoO4 or Na2WO4 to form Na2MO3O6 and WO2, respectively, and recrystallization of the Mo or W as the salt evaporates, result in major morphological changes including a loss of columnar structure and a significant increase in porosity. This effect is more pronounced in Na2MoO4/Mo electrodes, due to the lower stability of Na2MoO4.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 135; 2736-274
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  • 6
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    The crystalline phases present in carbon cathodes of discharged Li/SOCl2-LiAlCl4 cells (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The X-ray diffraction patterns of 100 percent discharged Schawinigan black cathodes from Li/SOCl2-LiAlCl4 cells were obtained using a high resolution Guinier camera. The previous assignments of the diffraction lines to Li2O2 and rhombohedral sulfur are all found to be incorrect; all sharp Bragg diffraction lines not assignable to anhydrous LiCl can be assigned to LiCl.H2O.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 136; 1287-128
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  • 7
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    High power density performance of WPt and WRh electrodes in the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The properties of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) are discussed together with those of an efficient AMTEC electrode. Three groups of electrodes were prepared and tested for their performance as AMTEC electrodes, including WPt-T3, WRh-B1, and WRh-B2. The best electrodes of both WPt and WRh types typically exhibited low porosity, and thickness greater than 0.8 micron, which indicated that transport in these electrodes does not occur by a purely free-molecular flow mode. The observed values of the exchange current were found to be within the range of those observed for oxide-free Mo electrodes under similar conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 136; 893
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  • 8
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    AMTEC electrode development (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter (AMTEC) is a direct energy conversion device, utilizing a high sodium vapor pressure or activity ratio across a beta-alumina solid electrolyte. Progress is reported on a long life, high power, porous electrode. Two electrode compositions were identified which have the potential for long life operation at power densities above 0.5 W/sq cm. Longer lifetime testing is being initiated. Successful optimization and demonstration of very long lifetimes for these electrodes will be a major step toward establishing the feasibility of AMTEC space power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: New Mexico Univ., Transactions of the Fourth Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems; p 299-301
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  • 9
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    Lithium-thionyl chloride battery safety (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Primary lithium cells which use LiAlCl4/SOCl2 electrolyte exhibit high energy density and long life. Currently these cells pose a safety problem since they have been found to vent or explode. This paper summarizes experiments to resolve the safety problem of Li-SOCl2 cells by thermal modeling and identification of possibly hazardous intermediates formed during discharge of these cells. A thermal model and mechanism for the reduction of SOCl2 are presented, as well as a discussion of their application to Li-SOCl2 cell safety.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IECEC ''82; Seventeenth Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; Aug 08, 1982 - Aug 12, 1982; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 10
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    Large area, low cost space solar cells with optional wraparound contacts (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Design parameters for two large area, low cost solar cells are presented, and electron irradiation testing, thermal alpha testing, and cell processing are discussed. The devices are a 2 ohm-cm base resistivity silicon cell with an evaporated aluminum reflector produced in a dielectric wraparound cell, and a 10 ohm-cm silicon cell with the BSF/BSR combination and a conventional contact system. Both cells are 5.9 x 5.9 cm and require 200 micron thick silicon material due to mission weight constraints. Normalized values for open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and maximum power calculations derived from electron radiation testing are given. In addition, thermal alpha testing values of absorptivity and emittance are included. A pilot cell processing run produced cells averaging 14.4% efficiencies at AMO 28 C. Manufacturing for such cells will be on a mechanized process line, and the area of coverslide application technology must be considered in order to achieve cost effective production.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; May 12, 1981 - May 15, 1981; Kissimmee, FL
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