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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (13)
  • 1
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    Advances in materials and current collecting networks for AMTEC electrodes (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Electrode materials for the Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) play a significant role in the efficiency of the device. RhW and PtW alloys have been studied to determine the best performing material. While RhW electrodes typically have power densities somewhat lower than PtW electrodes, PtW performance is strongly influenced by the Pt/W ratio. The best performing Pt/W ratio is about 3.4. RhW electrodes sinter more slowly than PtW and are predicted to have operating lifetimes up to 40 years; PtW electrodes are predicted to have lifetimes up to 7 years. Interaction with the current collection network can significantly decrease lifetime by inducing metal migration and segregation and by accelerating the sintering rate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: In: IECEC '92; Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, Aug. 3-7, 1992. Vol. 3 (A93-25851 09-44); p. 3.7-3.12.
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  • 2
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    Assessment of the US industrial program for AMTEC development (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) is a static energy conversion technology that is expected to provide low mass thermal to electric conversion with efficiencies between 20 and 35 percent. The U.S. program to develop this technology for space power applications has grown substantially over the past 3 years. This expanding program has brought together several laboratories and technical consultants, in separately sponsored projects, to develop the key elements of the technology. An assessment of this multiparty program indicates that, in general, the effort has focused on the high priority technical elements with only moderate overlap between individual projects. There are, however, several areas where additional coordination is needed between major participants in the existing projects, and other areas where new projects should be started, in order to provide reliable space power systems without unnecessary delays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: In: IECEC '92; Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, Aug. 3-7, 1992. Vol. 3 (A93-25851 09-44); p. 3.215-3.220.
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  • 3
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    High power density performance of WPt and WRh electrodes in the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The properties of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) are discussed together with those of an efficient AMTEC electrode. Three groups of electrodes were prepared and tested for their performance as AMTEC electrodes, including WPt-T3, WRh-B1, and WRh-B2. The best electrodes of both WPt and WRh types typically exhibited low porosity, and thickness greater than 0.8 micron, which indicated that transport in these electrodes does not occur by a purely free-molecular flow mode. The observed values of the exchange current were found to be within the range of those observed for oxide-free Mo electrodes under similar conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 136; 893
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  • 4
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    Advances in high temperature components for AMTEC (Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electric Converter) (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The basic performance of Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electric Converter (AMTEC) cells is well understood, and quantitative modeling of the electrode performance has been carried out. Tests have been carried out to evaluate the high temperature performance of critical AMTEC components. Progress made in understanding the relative performance of AMTEC components, such as electrodes, electrolytes, working fluids, and seals, as device operating temperature is varied is discussed. Most metallic components are especially subject to corrosion in hot liquid alkali metals containing dissolved oxides. Stability issues of AMTEC components may be addressed by life testing, accelerated testing, and modeling based on known kinetic and thermochemical data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IECEC ''91: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; Aug 04, 1991 - Aug 09, 1991; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 5
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    A figure of merit for AMTEC electrodes (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As a method to compare the results of alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) electrode performance measured under different conditions, an AMTEC figure of merit called ZA is proposed. This figure of merit is the ratio of the experimental maximum power for an electrode to a calculated maximum power density as determined from a recently published electrode performance model. The calculation of a maximum power density assumes that certain loss terms in the electrode can be reduced to essentially zero by improved cell design and construction, and that the electrochemical exchange current is determined from a standard value. Other losses in the electrode are considered inherent to the electrode performance. Thus, these terms remain in the determination of the calculated maximum power. A value of ZA near one, then, indicates an electrode performance near the maximum possible performance. The primary limitation of this calculation is that the small electrode effect cannot be included. This effect leads to anomalously high values of ZA. Thus, the electrode area should be reported along with the figure of merit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IECEC ''91: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; Aug 04, 1991 - Aug 09, 1991; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 6
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    Progress in AMTEC electrode experiments and modeling (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Four electrode compositions have demonstrated power densities high enough to make practical alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) systems feasible. These electrode compositions are very thin molybdenum, platinum/tungsten trilayer, rhodium/tungsten bilayer, and titanium nitride. These electrodes have produced stable maximum power densities of 0.4 to 0.8 W/sq cm at 1100-1250 K for 90 to 160 hours.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 7
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    Thermal characterization of an AMTEC recirculating test cell (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) recirculating test cell has been operated in order to determine the magnitudes of the primary heat losses of the cell and the value of the emissivity of the condenser surface. The energy balance included radiation losses, conductive losses, and losses due to the flow of sodium into the cell. The radiative heat flux dominated the heat loss mechanism of the cell at open circuit, and the condenser emissivity was calculated to be about 0.1. It is shown that, if this emissivity can be reduced to 0.02, then parasitic losses in an AMTEC recirculating test cell operating near peak power would be less than 40 percent of the heat required by the cell. The condenser emissivity decreases with elapsed time, resulting in improved thermal performance of the cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; Aug 12, 1990 - Aug 17, 1990; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 8
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    Lifetime studies of high power rhodium/tungsten and molybdenum electrodes for application to AMTEC (alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter) (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A detailed and fundamental model for the electrochemical behavior of AMTEC electrodes is developed which can aid in interpreting the processes which occur during prolonged operation of these electrodes. Because the sintering and grain growth of metal particles is also a well-understood phenomenon, the changes in electrode performance which accompany its morphological evolution may be anticipated and modeled. The grain growth rate observed for porous Mo AMTEC electrodes is significantly higher than that predicted from surface diffusion data obtained at higher temperatures and incorporated into the grain growth model. The grain growth observed under AMTEC conditions is also somewhat higher than that measured for Mo films on BASE (beta-alumina solid electrolyte) substrates in vacuum or at similar temperatures. Results of modeling indicate that thin Mo electrodes may show significant performance degradation for extended operation (greater than 10,000 h) at higher operating temperatures (greater than 1150 K), whereas W/Rh and W/Pt electrodes are expected to show adequate performance at 1200 K for lifetimes greater than 10,000 h. It is pointed out that current collection grids and leads must consist of refractory metals such as Mo and W which do not accelerate sintering or metal migration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; Aug 12, 1990 - Aug 17, 1990; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 9
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    AMTEC recirculating test cell component testing and operation (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Alkali metal thermoelectric converter operation in a recirculating test cell (RTC), which requires a small electromagnetic pump (EM) and a high-temperature beta-double-prime alumina-solid-electrolyte (BASE)-to-metal seal, is discussed. The design of a pump and an active metal braze seal and the initial operation of a cell using these components are described. The pump delivered 0.25 cu cm/min against a 28-psia head. A braze seal system was selected after shear strength tests of Ta or Nb brazed to BASE by a variety of fillers including TiCuNi, TiNi, and TiNiCr. The TiCuNi filler was chosen for environment cell testing and showed no failure or observable degradation after short-term tests up to 1055 K. The pump and the Nb/TiCuNi/BASE seal were used in a test that demonstrated all the operational functions of the RTC for the first time. An increase in the radiation reduction factor at constant input power was observed, indicating that the condenser was being wet by sodium resulting in an increased reflectivity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IECEC-89; Aug 06, 1989 - Aug 11, 1989; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 10
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    Efficiency of an AMTEC recirculating test cell, experiments and projections (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The alkali metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) is an electrochemical device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy with efficiencies potentially near Carnot. The future usefulness of AMTEC for space power conversion depends on the efficiency of the devices. Systems studies have projected from 15 to 35 percent thermal to electric conversion efficiencies, and one experiment has demonstrated 19 percent efficiency for a short period of time. Recent experiments in a recirculating test cell (RTC) have demonstrated sustained conversion efficiencies as high as 10.2 percent early in cell life and 9.7 percent after maturity. Extensive thermal and electrochemical analysis of the cell during several experiments demonstrated that the efficiency could be improved in two ways. First, the electrode performance could be improved. The electrode for these tests operated at about one third the power density of state of the art electrodes. The low power density was caused by a combination of high series resistance and high mass flow resistance. Reducing these resistances could improve the efficiency to greater than 10 percent. Second, the cell thermal performance could be improved. Efficiencies greater than 14 percent could be realized through reducing the radiative thermal loss. Further improvements to the efficiency range predicted by systems studies can be accomplished through the development and use of an advanced condenser with improved reflectivity, close to that of a smooth sodium film, and the series connecting of individual cells to further reduce thermal losses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: In: IECEC '92; Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, Aug. 3-7, 1992. Vol. 3 (A93-25851 09-44); p. 3.197-3.202.
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