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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (97)
  • 1
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    Temporal and spatial variability of aerosol optical depth in the Sahel region in relation to vegetation remote sensing (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In order to monitor the aerosol characteristics needed for atmospheric correction of remotely sensed data, a network of sun photometers was established in the Sahel region of Senegal, Mali, and Niger. Data analysis suggests that there is a high spatial variability of the aerosol optical thickness tau(a) in the western Sahel region. At a 67 percent confidence level the instantaneous values of tau(a) can be extrapolated approximately 270-400 km with an error tolerance of 50 percent. Spatial variability in the dry season is found to be of a similar magnitude. The ranges of variations in the NDVI in the Sahel region are shown to be approximately 0.02 and 0.01, respectively, due to commonly observed fluctuations in the aerosol optical thickness and aerosol size distribution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 12; 1147-116
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  • 2
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    Field size distributions for selected agricultural crops in the United States and Canada (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Digitized agricultural field boundary taken in the United States and Canada during the LACIE and AgRISTARS programs, in 1977 through 1980, were used to construct histograms showing the distributions of field area, width, and length for crops for which there were data for 700 or more fields per state. The observed distributions of area and width for fields of 10 crops grown in 13 states of the United States and Canada were compared with best-fit inverse Gaussian distributions and with log-normal distributions. For 28 distributions of area and 16 distributions of width there was found to be a probability of greater than .01 of their being inverse Gaussian. There were 10 distributions of area for which there was probability of greater than .005 of their being log-normal. Distributions of area and width stratified by state and crop type appear to be unique. The inverse Gaussian, which represents a wide range of statistical distributions from skewed to almost symmetrical, can provide a useful model for distributions of field area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 19; 25-45
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric effect on classification of finite fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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  • 4
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    The relative importance of aerosol scattering and absorption in remote sensing (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Previous attempts to explain the effect of aerosols on satellite measurements of surface properties for the visible and near-infrared spectrum have emphasized the amount of aerosols without consideration of their absorption properties. In order to estimate the importance of absorption, the radiances of the sunlight scattered from models of the earth-atmosphere system are computed as functions of the aerosol optical thickness and absorption. The absorption effect is small where the surface reflectance is weak, but is important for strong reflectance. These effects on classification of surface features, measuring vegetation index, and measuring surface reflectance are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-23; 625-633
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  • 5
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    Performance comparisons between information extraction techniques using variable spatial resolution data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The decreased instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is one of the principal advances noted for the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor. The 42.5 microradian IFOV of TM and the 710 km nominal orbit altitude result in a 30 m nominal spatial resolution at the earth surface. This is a considerable decrease in the projected pixel area when compared to the 79 m nominal spatial resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS). An experiment was conducted which allowed a rigorous test of the influence of classifier design, with data spatial resolution of TM (30 m) and approximately that of the Landsat MSS (90 m), on classification performance for a particular TM scene. The experiment involved evaluation of the results for the per-point Gaussian maximum likelihood (GML) classifier and the supervised ECHO (Extraction and Classification of Homogeneous Objects) classifier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 51; 1459-147
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  • 6
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    Earth-atmosphere system and surface reflectivities in arid regions from Landsat MSS data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previously developed programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering of the solar radiation are used to compute the ratios of the earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the nadir direction to the surface Lambertian reflectivity, for the four bands of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa, and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the Landsat MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface reflectivities are computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities are used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory and in situ measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 4, 19; 1976
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  • 7
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    Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An uncontrolled aerial thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park was assembled from the videotape record of 13 individual thermographs obtained with linescan radiometers. Post mission processing of the videotape record rectified the nadir line to a topographic map base, corrected for v/h variations in adjacent flight lanes, corrected for yaw and pitch distortions, and distortions produced by nonlinearity of the side-wise scan. One of the purposes of the thermographic study was to delineate the areas of thermal emission (hot springs, geysers, etc.) throughout the Park, a study which could have great value in reconnaissance surveys of geothermal areas in remote regions or regions of high relief.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Oct. 197
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  • 8
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    Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Landsat 1 measurements of nadir radiance are used to obtain the mass of particulates in a vertical column of dust from the Sahara Desert. A radiative transfer model, constructed with knowledge of a few values of optical parameters measured from a ship, is developed to account for the measured radiance values. Measurement and model accuracies are discussed. It is found that the mass of particulates with smaller than a 10 micron radius in a vertical column is 1.6 g/sq m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 9
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    Validating spatial structure in canopy water content using geostatistics (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Heterogeneity in ecological phenomena are scale dependent and affect the hierarchical structure of image data. AVIRIS pixels average reflectance produced by complex absorption and scattering interactions between biogeochemical composition, canopy architecture, view and illumination angles, species distributions, and plant cover as well as other factors. These scales affect validation of pixel reflectance, typically performed by relating pixel spectra to ground measurements acquired at scales of 1m(exp 2) or less (e.g., field spectra, foilage and soil samples, etc.). As image analysis becomes more sophisticated, such as those for detection of canopy chemistry, better validation becomes a critical problem. This paper presents a methodology for bridging between point measurements and pixels using geostatistics. Geostatistics have been extensively used in geological or hydrogeolocial studies but have received little application in ecological studies. The key criteria for kriging estimation is that the phenomena varies in space and that an underlying controlling process produces spatial correlation between the measured data points. Ecological variation meets this requirement because communities vary along environmental gradients like soil moisture, nutrient availability, or topography.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop. Volume 1: AVIRIS Workshop; p 141-143
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Earth Resources Laboratory technology transfer program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The approach to the transfer of satellite remote sensing technology used at the National Space Technology Laboratories'/Earth Resources Laboratory represents an effective program for the assigned area and is composed of demonstrations; a comprehensive in-house training program; user awareness activities (brochures, slide sets, and documentation); university short courses to stimulate university capabilities; and a technical awareness effort aimed at providing the states with consultation in the areas of hardware/software systems and advice on specific applications. Particular focus is on the transfer of LANDSAT technology in the context of geobased information system development, as well as on how the states approach the problem of institutionalizing the capabilities. The status of demonstration projects and of the state LANDSAT geographic information systems is examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 25-29
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