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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competitive regimes in forest-dwelling Hanuman langur females (Semnopithecus entellus) (2000)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 48 (2000), S. 93-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Feeding competition ; Energy budget ; Resource distribution ; Dominance hierarchy ; Semnopithecus entellus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Van Schaik’s socioecological model predicts interrelations among food distribution, competitive regimes, and female social relationships. To test the internal consistency of the model, feeding competition was examined in three differently sized groups of a forest-dwelling population of Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus). The nutritional condition of females was used as a direct indicator of feeding competition and related to the seasonal variation in resource distribution and abundance. Female dominance hierarchies were characterized by displacements. Dominance hierarchies were significantly linear and relatively stable, but less so with increasing group size. Physical condition correlated with dominance rank and high-ranking females were in the best condition, indicating within-group contest competition. The strength of this relationship became less pronounced with increasing group size. The females of the medium-sized group were in the best physical condition indicating between-group contest plus within-group scramble competition. Closer examination revealed variable costs and benefits of group foraging with a predominance of within-group scramble competition when food was more abundant. The results support some basic predictions of the model. Limiting food abundance was bound to ubiquitous within-group scramble competition. The use of clumped resources translated into differences in net energy gain based on dominance. In contrast to the predictions, group-size-related costs and benefits were related to food abundance instead of food distribution. As predicted, within-group contest competition was linked to a linear dominance hierarchy. The absence of nepotism and coalitions in Hanuman langurs may be attributed to dominance hierarchies that are unstable through time, probably minimizing fitness gain via kin support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650000198
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social relationships and individual contribution to cooperative behaviour in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) (1991)
    Springer
    Primates 32 (1991), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Callithrix jacchus ; Cooperative behaviour ; Infant carrying ; Defence against intruders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The social relationships between the members of a family consisting of eight captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are here examined, as well as the participation of individual family members in infant carrying and defensive behaviour against non-related intruders (adolescent males). Within the social relationships, a clear division of the family into three subgroups (parents, adult offspring, non-adult offspring) could be determined, whereby the adult offspring, especially with respect to the parents, occupy a peripheral position. In the types of cooperative behaviour examined here, substantial participation in infant carrying could be observed in only four family members (parents, adult son, one subadult daughter), and in defence against intruders in only two family members (adult son, one subadult daughter). Participation in infant carrying remained stable throughout the study period. Conversely, individual changes in participation in defence against intruders could be determined, dependent upon the presence of infants carried. The advantages and disadvantages of social substructuring observed are discussed here, in particular the peripheral position of adult offspring, possible connections in individually varied participation in cooperative behaviour, and possible regulative mechanisms. In view of past studies on cooperative behaviour among marmosets, it is here presumed that pronounced individual differences result from a division of labour within the family with respect to various aspects of cooperative behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381175
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