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  • Weitere Quellen  (4)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (3)
  • Computer Programming and Software; Meteorology and Climatology  (1)
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  • 1
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    On the Causes of and Long Term Changes in Eurasian Heat Waves (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: The MERRA reanalysis, other observations, and the GEOS-S model have been used to diagnose the causes of Eurasian heat waves including the recent extreme events that occurred in Europe during 2003 and in Russia during 2010. The results show that such extreme events are an amplification of natural patterns of atmospheric variability (in this case a particular large-scale atmospheric planetary wave) that develop over the Eurasian continent as a result of internal atmospheric forcing. The amplification occurs when the wave occasionally becomes locked in place for several weeks to months resulting in extreme heat and drying with the location depending on the phase of the upper atmospheric wave. Model experiments suggest that forcing from both the ocean (SST) and land playa role phase-locking the waves. An ensemble of very long GEOS-S model simulations (spanning the 20th century) forced with observed SST and greenhouse gases show that the model is capable of generating very similar heat waves, and that they have become more extreme in the last thirty years as a result of the overall warming of the Asian continent.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC.ABS.6578.2012 , Second Annual Workshop on Understanding Climate Change from Data; Aug 06, 2012 - Aug 07, 2012; Minneapolis, MN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Flash Drought as Captured by MERRA-2: Disentangling the Contributions of Precipitation Deficit and Excess Energy (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Flash droughts uncharacteristically rapid dryings of the land system are naturally associated with extreme precipitation deficits. Such precipitation deficits, however, do not tell the whole story. Land surface drying can be exacerbated by anomalously high evapotranspiration (ET) rates driven, for example, by anomalously high temperatures (e.g., during heatwaves) and/or anomalously high incoming radiation (e.g., from reduced cloudiness). In this study the relative contributions of precipitation and ET anomalies to flash drought generation are quantified through the analysis of diagnostic fields contained within the MERRA-2 reanalysis product. Unique to the overall approach is the explicit treatment of soil moisture impacts on ET an ET anomaly that is negative relative to the local long-term climatological mean is still considered positive in terms of its contribution to a flash drought, if it is high for the concurrent value of soil moisture. Maps produced in the analysis show the fraction of flash drought production stemming specifically from ET anomalies and the degree to which these ET anomalies are related to temperature and radiation anomalies. ET is found to have a large impact, for example, on flash drought production in the east-central US and in parts of Russia known from past studies to be prone to heatwave-related drought.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN63590 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 10, 2018 - Dec 14, 2018; Washington, DC; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Causes of the 2011-14 California Drought (2015)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The causes of the California drought during November-April winters of 2011/12-2013/14 are analyzed using observations and ensemble simulations with seven atmosphere models forced by observed SSTs. Historically, dry California winters are most commonly associated with a ridge off the west coast but no obvious SST forcing. Wet winters are most commonly associated with a trough off the west coast and an El Nino event. These attributes of dry and wet winters are captured by many of the seven models. According to the models, SST forcing can explain up to a third of California winter precipitation variance. SST forcing was key to sustaining a high pressure ridge over the west coast and suppressing precipitation during the three winters. In 2011/12 this was a response to a La Nina event, whereas in 2012/13 and 2013/14 it appears related to a warm west-cool east tropical Pacific SST pattern. All models contain a mode of variability linking such tropical Pacific SST anomalies to a wave train with a ridge off the North American west coast. This mode explains less variance than ENSO and Pacific decadal variability, and its importance in 2012/13 and 2013/14 was unusual. The models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) project rising greenhouse gases to cause changes in California all-winter precipitation that are very small compared to recent drought anomalies. However, a long-term warming trend likely contributed to surface moisture deficits during the drought. As such, the precipitation deficit during the drought was dominated by natural variability, a conclusion framed by discussion of differences between observed and modeled tropical SST trends.
    Schlagwort(e): Computer Programming and Software; Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN27007 , Journal of Climate; 28; 18; 6997-7024
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The Role of DYNAMO in Situ Observations in Improving NASA Ceres-like Daily Surface and Atmospheric Radiative Flux Estimates (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The daily surface and atmospheric radiative fluxes from NASA Clouds and the Earths RadiantEnergy System (CERES) Synoptic 1 degree (SYN1deg) Ed3A are among the most widely used data to studycloud-radiative feedback. The CERES SYN1deg data are based on Fu-Liou radiative transfer computations thatuse specific humidity (Q) and air temperature (T) from NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)reanalyses as inputs and are therefore subject to the quality of those fields. This study uses in situ Q and Tobservations collected during the Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign toaugment the input stream used in the NASA GMAO reanalysis and assess the impact on the CERES dailysurface and atmospheric longwave estimates. The results show that the assimilation of DYNAMOobservations considerably improves the vertical profiles of analyzed Q and T over and near DYNAMO stationsby moistening and warming the lower troposphere and upper troposphere and drying and cooling themid-upper troposphere. As a result of these changes in Q and T, the computed CERES daily surface downwardlongwave flux increases by about 5 W m(exp -2), due mainly to the warming and moistening in the lowertroposphere; the computed daily top-of-atmosphere (TOA) outgoing longwave radiation increases by2-3 W m(exp -2) during dry periods only. Correspondingly, the estimated local atmospheric longwave radiativecooling enhances by about 5 W m(exp -2) (7-8 W m(exp -2)) during wet (dry) periods. These changes reduce the bias inthe CERES SYN1deg-like daily longwave estimates at both the TOA and surface and represent animprovement over the DYNAMO region.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN42166 , Earth and Space Science (ISSN 2333-5084); 4; 4; 164-183
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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