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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance that community pharmacists in Malta place on the introduction of pharmaceutical care (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Pharmaceutical care ; Modified behavioural pharmaceutical care scale ; Community pharmacy ; Patient care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results from a study to assess the importance Maltese pharmacists placed on various aspects of pharmaceutical care and their willingness to provide such care are reported. A modified version of the Behavioural Pharmaceutical Care Scale (BPCS) questionnaire (consisting of three dimensions and 14 domains( was mailed to the 198 privately owned community pharmacies in Malta. A total of 99 questionnaires were returned following two reminder telephone calls. Pharmacists were asked to score the importance of each pharmaceutical care activity contained in the modified BPCS on a 6 point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5. The overall score for the questionnaire, which illustrated the importance pharmacists attributed to various aspects of pharmaceutical care, ranged from 90 to 170 with a mean score of 134.8. There was little difference recorded between the scores for the three dimensions. The Referral and Consultation domain recorded a slightly higher score than the other two domains. Younger pharmacists obtained significantly higher scores (p〉0.05; Kruskal‐Wallis test) in the Verification of Patient Understanding domain. Approximately 72% of respondents indicated that they were willing to provide pharmaceutical care, but remarked that a number of issues e.g. reimbursement, qualified support staff, GP‐pharmacist co‐operation, had to be addressed. A series of strategic steps are needed to help pharmacists resolve these issues before pharmaceutical care programmes could be offered by Maltese community pharmacists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008658726755
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phonophoresis of Methyl Nicotinate: A Preliminary Study to Elucidate the Mechanism of Action (1993)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 10 (1993), S. 1726-1731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: phonophoresis ; percutaneous absorption ; ultrasound ; methyl nicotinate ; penetration enhancement ; laser Doppler velocimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The skin penetration enhancement effect of ultrasound (phonophoresis) on methyl nicotinate was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Each treatment consisted of the application of ultrasound massage (3.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2 continuous output) or placebo massage (0 MHz) for 5 min to the forearms of the volunteers, followed by a standardized application of methyl nicotinate at intervals of 15 sec, 1 min, and 2 min postmassage. Percutaneous absorption of methyl nicotinate was monitored using laser Doppler velocimetry. Ultrasound treatment applied prior to methyl nicotinate led to enhanced percutaneous absorption of the drug, for example, ultrasound treatment data versus control data at 2 min showed significant increases (P 〈 0.05; analysis of variance) in the peak blood flow (125.8 ± 12.0 vs 75.3 ± 10.4% flux) and in the area under the curve for blood flow (2630.3 ± 387.5 vs 1567.6 ± 183.5% flux · min). The results of this study suggest that ultrasound affects the skin structure to provide skin penetration enhancement. This finding is consistent with the proposed hypothesis that phonophoresis acts by disordering the structured lipids in the stratum corneum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018918013489
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Ultrasound on the Percutaneous Absorption of Nicotinate Esters (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 204-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: phonophoresis ; percutaneous absorption ; ultrasound ; nicotinate esters ; laser Doppler velocimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of three nicotinate esters was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind placebo controlled crossover clinical trial. Using a specially designed experimental protocol, the effect of continuous output ultrasound (at frequency 3.0 MHz and intensity 1.0 W/cm2 for 5 min) on the percutaneous absorption of methyl, ethyl, and hexyl nicotinates, from gel bases, was investigated. A placebo control, involving massage with each of the gels, without ultrasound for 5 min, was also incorporated. The pharmacodynamic parameter of vasodilation caused by the nicotinates was used to monitor the percutaneous absorption of the drugs. Laser Doppler velocimetry, a noninvasive optical technique, was used to measure vasodilation of the cutaneous vessels within the treatment site. Ultrasound treatment led to enhanced vasodilator response to the nicotinates, therefore indicating an enhancement of their percutaneous absorption. These agents may prove to be useful compounds in examination of the mechanism of action of phonophoresis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015892020468
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