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  • Geophysics  (3)
  • Chloride channels  (2)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Smooth muscle ; Glyburide ; Pinacidil ; Chloride channels ; Membrane potential ; Vasodilation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We describe the activation of a K+ current and inhibition of a Cl− current by a cyanoguanidine activator of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) in the smooth muscle cell line A10. The efficacy of U83757, an analogue of pinacidil, as an activator of KATP was confirmed in single channel experiments on isolated ventricular myocytes. The effects of U83757 were examined in the clonal smooth muscle cell line A10 using voltage-sensitive dyes and digital fluorescent imaging techniques. Exposure of A10 cells to U83757 (10 nm to 1 μm) produced a rapid membrane hyperpolarization as monitored by the membrane potential-sensitive dye bis-oxonol ([diBAC4(3)], 5 μm). The U83757induced hyperpolarization was antagonized by glyburide and tetrapropylammonium (TPrA) but not by tetraethlylammonium (TEA) or charybdotoxin (ChTX). The molecular basis of the observed hyperpolarization was studied in whole-cell, voltage-clamp experiments. Exposure of voltage-clamped cells to U83757 (300 nm to 300 μm) produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the zero current potential; however, the hyperpolarizing shift in reversal potential was associated with either an increase or decrease in membrane conductance. In solutions where E k=−82 mV and E Cl=0 mV, the reversal potential of the U83757-sensitive current was approximately −70 mV in those experiments where an increase in membrane conductance was observed. In experiments in which a decrease in conductance was observed, the reversal potential of the U83757-sensitive current was approximately 0 mV, suggesting that U83757 might be acting as a Cl− channel blocker as well as a K+ channel opener. In experiments in which Cl− current activation was specifically brought about by cellular swelling and performed in solutions where Cl− was the major permeant ion, U83757 (300 nm to 300 μm) produced a dose-dependent current inhibition. Taken together these results (i) demonstrate the presence of a K+-selective current which is sensitive to KATP channel openers in A10 cells and (ii) indicate that the hyperpolarizing effects of K+ channel openers in vascular smooth muscle may be due to both the inhibition of Cl− currents as well as the activation of a K+-selective current.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Chloride channels ; Human macrophage ; Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ; Macrophage activation ; Hydrogen ion current ; pH regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The transition of a resting macrophage into the activated state is accompanied by changes in membrane potential, cytoplasmic pH, and intracellular calcium (Ca i ). Activation of Cl− as well as H+-selective currents may give rise to stimulus-induced changes in membrane potential and counteract changes in intra-cellular pH (pH i ) which have been observed to be closely associated with respiratory burst activation and superoxide production in macrophages. We carried out whole-cell voltage clamp experiments on human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) and characterized currents activated following an elevation in Ca i using isosmotic pipette and bath solutions in which Cl− was the major permeant species. Ca i was elevated by exposing cells to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (1–10 μm) in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ or by internally exchanging the patch-electrode solution with ones buffered to free Ca2+ concentrations between 40 and 2,000 nm. We have identified two Ca2+-dependent ion conductances based on differences in their characteristic time-dependent kinetics: a rapidly activating Cl− conductance that showed variable inactivation at depolarized potentials and a H+ conductance with delayed activation kinetics. Both conductances were inhibited by the disulfonic acid stilbene DIDS (100 μm). Current activation for both Ca2+-dependent conductances was phosphorylation dependent, neither conductance appeared in the presence of the broad spectrum kinase inhibitor H-7 (75 μm). Inclusion of the autophosphorylated, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in the pipette in the presence of ATP induced a rapidly activating current similar to that observed following an elevation in Ca i . Activation of both conductances would contribute to the changes in membrane potential which accompany stimulation-induced activation of macrophages as well as counteract the decrease in pH i during sustained Superoxide production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-19
    Beschreibung: As the aerosol products from the NASA Earth Observing System's Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) mature, we are placing greater focus on ways of using the aerosol amount and type data products, and aerosol plume heights, to constrain aerosol transport models. We have demonstrated the ability to map aerosol air-mass-types regionally, and have identified product upgrades required to apply them globally, including the need for a quality flag indicating the aerosol type information content, that varies depending upon retrieval conditions. We have shown that MISR aerosol type can distinguish smoke from dust, volcanic ash from sulfate and water particles, and can identify qualitative differences in mixtures of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol components in urban settings. We demonstrated the use of stereo imaging to map smoke, dust, and volcanic effluent plume injection height, and the combination of MISR and MODIS aerosol optical depth maps to constrain wildfire smoke source strength. This talk will briefly highlight where we stand on these application, with emphasis on the steps we are taking toward applying the capabilities toward constraining aerosol transport models, planet-wide.
    Schlagwort(e): Geophysics
    Materialart: GSFC.ABS.5786.2011 , 2011 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; Dec 05, 2011 - Dec 09, 2011; San Francisco, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: In the last twelve years, Mt. Etna, located in eastern Sicily, has produced a great number of explosive eruptions. Volcanic plumes have risen to several km above sea level and created problems for aviation and the communities living near the volcano. A reduction of hazards may be accomplished using remote sensing techniques to evaluate important features of volcanic plumes. Since 2000, the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on board NASA s Terra spacecraft has been extensively used to study aerosol dispersal and to extract the three-dimensional structure of plumes coming from anthropogenic or natural sources, including volcanoes. In the present work, MISR data from several explosive events occurring at Etna are analyzed using a program named MINX (MISR INteractive eXplorer). MINX uses stereo matching techniques to evaluate the height of the volcanic aerosol with a precision of a few hundred meters, and extracts aerosol properties from the MISR Standard products. We analyzed twenty volcanic plumes produced during the 2000, 2001, 2002-03, 2006 and 2008 Etna eruptions, finding that volcanic aerosol dispersal and column height obtained by this analysis is in good agreement with ground-based observations. MISR aerosol type retrievals: (1) clearly distinguish volcanic plumes that are sulphate and/or water vapor dominated from ash-dominated ones; (2) detect even low concentrations of volcanic ash in the atmosphere; (3) demonstrate that sulphate and/or water vapor dominated plumes consist of smaller-sized particles compared to ash plumes. This work highlights the potential of MISR to detect important volcanic plume characteristics that can be used to constrain the eruption source parameters in volcanic ash dispersion models. Further, the possibility of discriminating sulphate and/or water vapor dominated plumes from ash-dominated ones is important to better understand the atmospheric impact of these plumes.
    Schlagwort(e): Geophysics
    Materialart: GSFC.JA.00441.2012 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 117
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This is the final report for this project. Its purpose is to reduce the uncertainty in rate coefficients for key gas-phase kinetic processes which impact our understanding of stratospheric ozone. The main emphasis of this work is on measuring the rate coefficients for the reactions of HO2 + O3, and HO2 + NO2 in the temperature range (200-240 K) relevant to the lower stratosphere. In order to accomplish this, a high pressure turbulent flow tube reactor was built and its flow characteristics were quantified. The instrument was coupled with tunable diode laser spectroscopy for HO2 detection. Room temperature measurements of the HO2 + NO2 rate coefficients over the pressure range of 50-300 torr agree well with previous measurements. Preliminary measurements of the HO2 + O, rate coefficients at 50 - 300 Torr over the temperature range of 208-294 K agree with the NASA evaluation from 294-225 K but deviate significantly (50 % higher) at approximately 210 K.
    Schlagwort(e): Geophysics
    Materialart: NASA/CR-1998-206884 , NAS 1.26:206884 , ARI-RR-1252
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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