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  • Chemistry  (19)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1067-1072 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the properties of copolymers of N-carboxy sarcosine anhydride with other N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides have shown that the secondary structure may be a function of the type of initiator used. In particular, when polysarcosine is the initiator, and the “chain effect” becomes possible, blocklike character appears in the copolymer. This is the result of selective and rapid polymerization of N-unsubstituted N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides by the chain-effect mechanism. In suitable circumstances, therefore, the latter may be used to induce order into copolymerizations of this type.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 2559-2566 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Suitable choice of monomer/nonsolvent and monomer plus solvent/nonsolvent ratios affords a very simple and convenient laboratory scale method for the synthesis of functionalized crosslinked polymers suitable as polymeric supports in a wide variety of applications. The method involves an initially homogeneous solution polymerization which, because of the presence of nonsolvents ultimately produces insoluble, particulate (i.e., nonswollen) resin. Advantages over the usual suspension polymerization processes include the absence of stabilizers and suspension agents and complete freedom to utilize water soluble or water insoluble monomers, or mixtures of the two. Reaction conditions must be determined experimentally for individual systems and a number of representative examples are given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 30 (1996), S. 171-171 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of a monomer in the presence of a preformed polymer with suitable structural features gives rise to block or graft copolymers, which, in favorable circumstances, may be isolated as well-characterized materials. For preparing block copolymers a primary polymer with amine endgroups can be used as a macromolecular transfer agent. Graft copolymers may be prepared by using a primary polymer with terminal double bonds which copolymerize with the second monomer. We have studied the kinetics of block and graft copolymerization based on these methods with particular references to the systems in which the second monomer is acrylonitrile. All transfer agents reduce the rate of heterogeneous polymerization of acrylonitrile since the reduction in molecular weight leads to a diminution in the mean degree of occlusion of the propagating radicals and a consequent increase in the effective termination coefficient. We have found the effect of macromolecular transfer agents on the rate to be greater than that of simple amines. This behavior is attributed to the fact that the radicals produced by transfer are attached to primary polymer chains which are present in solution; as propagation proceeds the growing radicals remain in solution until a comparatively late stage in their growth on account of the solubilizing action of the primary polymer chains. The termination coefficient for these radicals is therefore relatively high and the rate of polymerization correspondingly low. The solubilization of polymer radicals in graft polymerization is less marked than in block copolymerization; this is shown to be consistant with the mechanism of solubilization suggested.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 48 (1960), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some recent observations on the behavior of radicals in solid and near-solid media are reviewed. Polymerization in a matrix of swollen polymer molecules is first discussed, and this is followed by a consideration of the photochemical polymerization of crystalline methacrylic acid as studied by electron spin resonance, optical microscopy, and kinetics methods. The behavior of radicals produced on crystal faces was also investigated, and it is suggested that their behavior may be explained by assuming that their energies of interaction with the surface cover a wide range and that, on raising the temperature, propagation and termination reactions occur. Two types of polymer were produced by bulk polymerization of the crystals, one clear and glassy, the other fibrous or granular; both were amorphous and not oriented, and it was concluded that the crystal lattice exerted no influence on the configuration of the polymer produced from it. The reaction seems to proceed by a phase boundary process rather than by propagation through the lattice.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 35 (1960), S. 222-238 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird der Mechanismus der Polymerisation von N-Carbonsäureanhydriden der α-Aminosäuren zu Polypeptiden diskutiert. Zwei Gesichtspunkte werden betrachtet: 1. der „Ketteneffekt“, der in Gegenwart bestimmter polymerer Initiatioren auftritt und zu einer hohen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit führt, dessen Kinetik der einer einfachen Enzym-Reaktion ähnelt; 2. die heterogen werdende Polymerisation. Der Beginn der Heterogenität fällt im letzten Fall zusammen mit einem Anstieg der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit.Eine Untersuchung der homogenen Polymerisation des N-Carbonsäureanhydrids des γ-Benzyl-L-Glutamats in Dimethylformamid wird beschrieben. Bei geeigneten Bedingungen zeigt deise Reaktion die Charakteristiken des Ketteneffekts mit einer deuitlichen Abhängigkeit von der optischen Konfiguration des (polymeren) Initiators und des N-Carbonsäureanhydrids. Der Ketteneffekt und die damit verbundene Spezifizität kann durch Zugabe von Lithiumperchlorat eliminiert werden.Es wird ferner eine kurze Übersicht über die gegenwärtigen Anschauungen zur Konfiguration der synthetischen Polypeptide gegeben. Einige neue Resultate zur optischen Drehung von Poly-β-benzyl-L-asparaginat werden angeführt, die u. a. die relative Instabilität der α-Helix-Form dieses Polymeren in Lösung aufzeigen. Auf die gleihe Instabilität weisen auch Versuche zur Geschwindigkeit der NH → ND-Reaktion von Polypeptiden in Lösung.
    Notes: The mechanism of polymerization of N-carbonic anhydrides of α-amino acids yielding polypeptides is discussed. Two aspects are considered - (i) the “chain effect”, which occurs with suitable polymeric initiators and leads to high reaction rates with kinetics resembling those of simple emzymic reactions and (ii) polymerizations which become heterogeneous. The onset of heterogeneity in the latter case conincides with an increase in reaction velocity A study of the homogeneous polymerization of the N-carbonic anhydride of γ-benzyl-Lglutamate in N,N-dimethylformamide is described. Under suitable conditions this reaction show chain effect characteristics with a marked dependence on the optical configuration of the (polymeric) initiator and N-carbonic anhydride. The chain effect, together with the associated specificity, may be effectively eliminated by addition of lithium perchlorate.Current ideas on the configuration of synthetic polypeptides are reviewed briefly. Some recent work on the optical rotation of poly-β-benzyl-L-aspartate is described; this shows, unter alia, the relative instability of the α-helix form of this polymer in solution. the same instability is strikingly revealled by some experiments on the rate of the NH → ND reaction for polypeptides in solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 87 (1965), S. 73-89 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylmethacrylat zeigt oberhalb von 100°C in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff auch ohne andere zugesetzte Initiatoren eine rasche Polymerisation. Die entstehenden Polymeren sind peroxidfrei und haben hohe Molekulargewichte. Bei 120°C ist die mittlere Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit dem anfänglichen Sauerstoffpartialdruck proportional. Die katalytische Wirkung wird einem zunächst gehildeten niedermolekularen Sauerstoff-Methylmethacrylat-Copolymeren (Polyperoxid) zugeschrieben, durch dessen Zerfall die initiierenden Radikale und die beobachteten Oxydationsprodukte Formaldehyd und Breztraubensäremethylester entstehen. Es scheint, daß auch der Brenztraubensäureester bei höherer Temperature die Polymerisation auslösen kann. Es wird vermutet, daß bei den angewendeten experimentellen Bedingungen die Verteilung des Sauerstoffs in der Reaktionsmischung ungleichmäßig ist und daß die hochmolekularen Produkte an Orten geringerer Sauerstoff-konzentration entstehen.Versuche mit 14C-markiertem Monomerem haben gezeigt, daß der auftretende Formaldehyd aus der Methylengruppe und nicht aus der α-Methylgruppe des Methylmeth-acrylates stammt.Die Polymerisation von Methylacrylat und von Styrol wird unter ähnlichen Bedingungen durch Sauerstoff allein ausgelöst; dabei steht die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit in Beziehung zur Stabilität der entsprechenden Polyperoxide.
    Notes: Methyl methacrylate has been shown to undergo a rapid polymerization above 100°C. in the presence of oxygen, but without other initiator, to yield a high molecular weight polymer free from peroxides. A study of the system has shown that the mean rate of polymerization at 120°C. is proportional to the initial partial pressure of oxygen. The catalysis is attributed to the initial formation of a low molecular weight oxygen-methyl methacrylate copolymer (polyperoxide), decomposition of which yields initiating radicals and the observed oxidation products formaldehyde and methyl pyruvate. There is evidence that methyl pyruvate may itself initiate polymerization at higher temperatures. It is concluded that under the experimental conditions the distribution of oxygen throughout the reaction mixture is markedly non-uniform, and that the high polymeric product is formed in regions of low oxygen content.Using 14C-labelled monomer we have shown that formaldehyde arises from the methylene and not the α-methyl group of methyl methacrylate.Methyl acrylate and styrene have been found to polymerize under similar conditions, the rates of polymerization being related to the relative stability of the respective polyperoxides.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 111 (1968), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Auslösung der Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat und Styrol durch Schwofeldioxid und Pyridin in Gegenwart organischer Halogenverbindungen untersucht. Die Kinetik stimmt mit der einer radikaliselien Reaktion überein und zeigt das Auftreten einer durch das Halogenid nicht beeinflußten geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Stufe. Hierbei entsteht ein Zwischenprodukt, welches durch Reaktion mit der Halogenverbindung Radikale bildet.Ist die Halogenverbindung Polyvinyltrichloracetat (PVTCA) tritt Gelbildung auf, die zeigt, daß die primären Radikale an die PVTCH-Kette gebunden sind, was darauf hinweist, daß die Radikalbildung unter Entfernung eines Halogenatoms von der Halogenverbindung verläft.Dieses Initiatorsystem zeigt Ähnlichkeit mit Assoziaten aus einem Derivat eines nullwertigen Metalls mit organischen Halogenverbindungen.
    Notes: The initiation of the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene by sulphur dioxide + pyridine in the presence of organic halides has been studied. The kinetics are consistent with free-radical reactions and indicate the occurrence of a rate-determining step not involving the halide, forming an intermediate which yields radicals on reaction with the halide.When polyvinyl trichloracetate (PVTCA) is the halide gelation occurs, showing that the primary radicals are attached to the PVTCA chain, and suggesting that radical formation involves removal of a halogen atom from the halide molecule.This initiating system shows resemblances to those composed of a derivative of a zerovalent metal in association with an organic halide.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 11 (1953), S. 558-558 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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