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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure of isoleucinomycin, cyclo[-(D-Ile-Lac-Ile-D-Hyi)3-](C60H102N6O18) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1517-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of a synthetic analog of valinomycin, cyclo[-(D-Ile-Lac-Ile-D-Hyi)3-] (C60H102N6O18), has been determined by x-ray diffraction procedures. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with cell parameters a = 11.516, b = 15.705, c = 39.310 Å, and Z = 4. The atomic coordinates for the C, N, O atoms were refined in the anisotropic thermal motion approximation and for the H atoms in the isotropic approximation. Values of standard (R) and weighted (Rw) reliability factors after refinement are 0.073 and 0.056, respectively. The structure is completely asymmetric. The cyclic molecular backbone is stabilized by six intramolecular hydrogen bonds N—H…O=C, five bonds being of the 4→1 type and one being of the 5→1 type. The side chains are located on the molecular periphery. The conformational state of isoleucinomycin in the crystal is intermediate between the corresponding crystalline states of valinomycin and meso-valinomycin. The observed conformation suggests that complexation could proceed via entry of the ion at the face possessing the L-Lac residues, the less crowded face.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190808
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of isomeric biphenyl-containing poly(aryl ether bisketone)s, 3Parts 1 and 2: cf. refs.1,2.. Polymers derived from 3,4′-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)biphenyl and bisphenols (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1935-1951 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of high-molecular-weight amorphous and semicrystalline poly(aryl ether bisketone)s were prepared from bisphenols and 3,4′-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)biphenyl via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Model compound studies were carried out with several substituted monohydric phenols, 3,4′-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)biphenyl and 3,4′-bis(4-Chlorobenzoyl)biphenyl. The dihalo-substituted aromatic ketones were synthesized by the reaction of 3,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid with thionyl chloride, followed by Friedel-Crafts acylation with the appropriate aryl halide. The required dicarboxylic acid was prepared starting from 4-bromotoluene and 3-methylcyclohexanone. Potassium carbonate mediated reaction of the monomers in dimethylacetamide or diphenyl sulfone gave high-molecular-weight polymers in excellent yield. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers are in the 170 to 190°C range. In addition, the polymers exhibit excellent thermal stability, as evidenced by both dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analysis, and afford tough films by compression molding.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940708
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New concepts for rapid yeast settling. II. pH switching with an inert powder (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 699-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique is outlined for the rapid settling of yeast cells in fermentation media. The technique involved the addition of dense, inert particles (nickel powder) to a yeast suspension (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at pH 4.5 and a rapid change of pH to 8.0-9.0. When the pH was changed large flocs formed immediately and settled rapidly, leaving a clear supernatant. On returning the pH to 4.5 the flocs were destroyed. This technique gave larger flocs and higher settling rates than the constant pH method, and much lower nickel/yeast ratios were required. Good flocculation also occurred in a fermentation medium. The technique was used to recycle yeast cells to a semicontinuous ethanol fermentation. Application of the technique to this and similar systems is discussed. The factors affecting yeast/inert powder flocculation are also discussed and a model is proposed to explain the observed experimental behavior for flocculation with a rapid change in pH.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of a new thermostable neutral α-galactosidase from a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1227-1243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An intracellular, thermostable, neutral α-galactosidase (α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase EC 3.2.1.32) was produced in pilot plant quantities from a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The organism was cultured at 50°C in a soluble neutral medium containing water extract of soybean meal (3%) and 0.5% yeast extract. The enzyme biosynthesis was inducible and sensitive to catabolite repression. After autolysis of the cells, the α-galactosidase was selectively and quantitatively complexed from clarified beer directly onto DEAE Sephadex; and enzyme-rich fractions were batchwise eluted with an increasing gradient of NaCl solutions. The eluates were given two consecutive isopropyl alcohol precipitations, and the aqueous solutions of the second precipitate were dialyzed and lyophilized. Final product activity recovery was 72% based on the crude fermentation beer. Best specific activity was 5.2 u/mg protein. Further laboratory purification (DEAE Sephadex and Bio-Gel P200) yielded a product with 14.2 u/mg protein.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160907
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New concepts for rapid yeast settling. I. Flocculation with an inert powder (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 687-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel technique for settling microorganisms has been described. The technique involves adding a dense, inert powder to a suspension of microorganisms under conditions where flocculation of the microorganism with the inert poweder occurs. The flocs formed are small and relatively dense and settle rapidly. Suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast have been flocculated with several different inert seed materials achieving rapid settling and separations of up to 99.9%. Nickel powder was used as a seed material for most experiments described here, and iron sand showed promise as a cheaper seed for large-scale use. The degree of flocculation and cell separation obtained depended largely on the seed concentration and the components in solution. Temperature and pH had little effect. When the method was initially applied to a practical fermentation, flocculation was poor because of inhibiting compounds in the fermentation medium, but modification of the technique produced good flocculation in the medium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A kinetic study of ozone-phenol reaction in aqueous solutions (1979)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 583-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2.The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction.A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690250403
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unique polyethylene morphologies produced under extrusion conditions (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 162 (1972), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde gezeigt, daß sich in Hochdruck-Polyäthylen in der Nähe der Schmelztemperatur und unter bestimmten Bedingungen in bezug auf Orientierung und Druck, wie sie im Instron-Extrusions-Kapillar-Rheometer vorliegen, ungewöhnliche morphologische Strukturen ausbilden. Die bemerkenswert hohe optische Transparenz und die Spannungsmoduln der in diesen Fäden vorliegenden morphologischen Gebilde waren Gegenstände der Untersuchungen. Einzelheiten des Kristallisationsverfahrens werden beschrieben. Die morphologischen Strukturen, die sich bei dem „Instron-Verfahren“ herausbilden, wurden mit Hilfe von röntgenographischen, kalorimetrischen, mikroskopischen und mechanischen Messungen untersucht. Die transparenten Fasern setzen sich aus einer großen Zahl von Mikrofibrillen, die einen hohen kristallinen Orientierungsgrad parallel zur Kapillarachse bestizen, zusammen. Elektronenbeugung und kalorimetrische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß ein Teil der Fasern einen ungewöhnlich hohen Ordnungsgrad besitzt. Es werden Strukturmodelle für die Fasern vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Unusual morphologies have been shown to be produced in high density polyethylene near its melting point and under selective conditions of orientation and pressure existing in an Instron capillary extrusion rheometer. Points of study involve the remarkably high optical clarity and tensile moduli for the morphologies produced in these filaments. Details of the crystallization procedure are provided. The morphologies resulting from the Instron procedure have been analyzed by several different techniques. X-ray, calorimetry, microscopy and modulus data are discussed. The transparent filaments are composed of a large number of microfibers having a high degree of crystalline orientation parallel to the capillary axis. Electron diffraction and calorimetric studies indicate that a portion of the strands have an unusually high degree of order. Structural models for the strands are also proposed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1972.021620103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of surfactants on the intensity of chemiluminescence emission from acridinium ester labelled proteins (1988)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2 (1988), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; acridinium ester ; surfactants ; proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to establish optimum conditions for the chemiluminescent (CL) reaction of two acridinium ester labelled proteins (human albumin and rabbit anti-human albumin IgG), we investigated the effects of the following factors known to influence the CL emission: pH, presence of proteins, relative concentrations of components of CL reaction and presence of surfactants. Under optimal conditions of pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) increased the intensity of the CL reaction of the acridinium ester labelled albumin by 42-fold. Triton X-100, Tween-20, 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) exerted a much smaller effect. In the case of the acridinium ester labelled antibody, the greatest increase was obtained with Triton X-100 (15-fold) followed by CTAC, Brij 35 and Tween 20 (SDS decreased the emission intensity).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170020303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) for urinary albumin (1989)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 3 (1989), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: Diabetes ; albuminuria ; chemiluminescent immunoassay ; acridinium ester ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) for urinary albumin has been developed based on the use of a chemiluminescent acridinium ester-labelled human albumin and a commercially available antiserum. It includes two incubation steps and a second polyethylene glycol-assisted antibody separation. The sensitivity of detection is 0.016 mg/l, the assay working range is 0.1-5 mg/l, and the inter-assay CVs are ≤ 15%. Using 10- and 50-fold sample dilutions in assay buffer, a wide working range (1-250 mg/l) is obtained covering normal and pathological conditions. Timed overnight urine samples (bed rest conditions) were collected on three consecutive days for each patient. Albumin excretion rate (AER) was 4.7 ± 2.7 μg/min (x ± SD), range 1-15.9 μg/min in 36 healthy subjects (17♂, 19♀, ages 4-56 years), with day-to-day variations of 28.5 ± 20% (x ± SD), range 3.3-76.1%. The use of an acridinium ester as a chemiluminescent (CL) label overcomes the disadvantages of short shelf-life and health and safety hazards associated with radioisotopes. Results compare favourably with those obtained using a commercially available RIA kit.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170030403
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer modulus and morphology: The tensile properties of polyethylene (1975)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general properties of a novel process for producing high modulus polyolefins are discussed. The technique is an extrusion drawing involving a crystal-crystal transformation. The principal tests have been made on polyethylene and the guidelines have been established for extending the technique to other polyolefins. The characterization of such materials is extensively discussed, particularly in the light of the concept of continuous crystals.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760150315
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