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  • 1
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin ; oxalate ; structure ; Mössbauer ; antitumour ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicyclohexylamine, oxalic acid dihydrate and di-n-butyltin oxide were reacted in 2:2:1 or 2:3:2 stoichiometries in ethanol solution to yield, respectively bis(dicyclohexylammonium) bisoxalatodi-n-butylstannate (1) and bis(dicyclohexylammonium) μ-oxalatobis(aquadi-n-butyloxalatostannate) (2); the hydrate was also obtained upon recrystallization of 1 from moist acetonitrile solution. The crystal structures of the two ammonium stannates have been determined at room temperature. In 1, the tin atom in the dianion exists in a skewtrapezoidal bipyramidal geometry with the basal plane being defined by two bidentate oxalate ligands; each ligand forms asymmetric Sn—O bonds [Sn—O 2.348(4), 2.110(4) Å and 2.112(4), 2.363(4) Å]. The apical sites are occupied by the two organo groups disposed over the weaker Sn—O bonds. In 2, the two tin centres of the dianion are connected via a tetradentate oxalate ligand situated about a centre of inversion and each tin atom exists in a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. The pentagonal plane is defined by four oxygen atoms, two from the central ligand [Sn—O 2.282(4), 2.473(4)Å] and two from a ‘terminal’ oxalate ligand [Sn—O 2.239(4), 2.210(4)Å], and the fifth site is occupied by a water molecule of crystallization [Sn—O 2.422(4)Å]; the apical sites are filled by the n-butyl groups. Both compounds feature extended hydrogen-bonded networks involving the oxygen atoms of the dianion and the N-bound hydrogen atoms. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with cell dimensions a = 13.408(3), b = 22.461(4), c = 13.996(2)Å, β = 100.97(2)°; full-matrix least-squares refinement on 3305 reflections with I≥2.5σ(I) converged to R = 0.042 and Rw = 0.046. Crystals of 2 are monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 13.729(3), b = 14.694(2), c = 14.889(2)Å, β = 104.83(2)º; refinement on 2093 reflections converged to R = 0.030 and Rw = 0.031. The two di-n-butylstannates were screened in vitro against the mammary MCF-7 and WiDr colon carcinoma cell lines, and were found to be as active as cisplatin, a clinically used antineoplastic drug.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; fungitoxicity ; Phytophthora ; pepper ; cocoa ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several triorganotin(IV) compounds and Terrazole® 35 WP were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against three isolates of Phytophthora palmivora. Two isolates (isolates Phy. 2 and Phy. 334) were obtained from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and one isolate (isolate Phy. 56) from cocoa leaves (Cacao theobromae). ED50 values for radial growth of the isolates ranged from 0.09 to 1,700 μg cm-3 for the triorganotin(IV) compounds and from 3.46 to 1 227 000 μg cm-3 for Terrazole®. Diphenylbutyltin bromide exhibited the highest antifungal activity against the three isolates of P. palmivora with ED50 values ranging from 0.30 to 0.73 μg cm-3.Diphenylbutyltin bromide was equally effective against a freshly isolated virulent culture of P. palmivora (isolate Phy. 346) from black pepper leaves in Sarawak, East Malaysia, yielding an ED50 value for radial growth of 0.87 μg cm-3 and a probit-log concentration regression line slope value of 1.04. In vitro efficacy of diphenylbutyltin bromide against isolate Phy. 346 using detached healthy pepper leaves showed 40-75% infection of leaves at 100 μg cm-3 and no infection at 500 μg cm-3. Diphenylbutyltin bromide at 100 μg cm-3, however, inhibited the diameter of lesion by 43.3-73.7% compared with the untreated controls. Black pepper leaves treated with Terrazole® at 778 μg cm-3 exhibited 5.3-33.3% inhibition of lesion diameter compared with the untreated controls, where 90-100% of the leaves were infected. Concentrations of diphenylbutyltin bromide of 1000-2500 μg cm-3 caused some injury lesions on the leaves. From the results obtained, it appears that diphenylbutyltin bromide could be used as a protective spray or drench against P. palmivora infection of black pepper at 100-500 μg cm-3.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organotin ; solid-state NMR ; crystal structure ; antitumor activity ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(dicyclohexylammonium) bis(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylato)dibutylstannate is assigned seven-fold coordination at tin on the basis of its 119Sn CP/MAS NMR chemical shift (δ=-424.9 ppm). The assignment has been corroborated by a crystal structure determination of its monohydrate, whose tin atom has the trans-C2SnNO4 pentagonal bipyramidal [Sn-C=2.040(9), 2.067(8) Å; C-Sn-C =168.9(5)°] geometry. One 2,6-pyridine- dicarboxylato group chelates to the tin atom (Sn-O=2.234(4), 2.260(4); Sn-N =2.279(5) Å) whereas the other binds through only one carboxyl -CO2 end (Sn-O=2.416(5), 2.441(5) Å). Hydrogen bonds link the cation and the stannate into a linear chain parallel to the b-axis. The lattice water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to the free carboxyl end. The anhydrous compound showed higher in vitro antitumor activity than those of carboplatin and cisplatin when screened against breast (MCF-7, EVSAT), colonic (WiDr), ovarian (IGROV) and renal (A498) carcinoma, and melanoma (M19 MEL) cell lines. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 309-318 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; diphenylbutyltin bromide ; triphenyltin chloride·triphenylphosphine oxide ; soil bacteria ; soil fungi ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of two triorganotin(IV) compounds, diphenylbutyltin bromide (Ph2BuSnBr) and triphenyltin chloride·triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO), on soil bacterial and fungal populations were compared with that of Thiram and the commercial triorganotin fungicide ‘Brestan’ (triphenyltin acetate, Ph3SnOAc). Soil fungal populations were reduced most by Thiram, then by Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO, Ph2BuSnBr and Ph3SnOAc, in that order. Following the application of the compounds, there was a marked increase in the bacterial population in soil, the increase being greatest with Thiram and least with Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO. The triorganotin(IV) compounds were less harmful to soil fungi than Thiram. In Thiram-treated soil, recolonization was slower than in soil treated with the triorganotin(IV) compounds. More species of fungi were tolerant to and persisted after application of the triorganotin(IV) compounds compared with Thiram. Among the fungi that were tolerant to the triorganotin(IV) compounds were cellulolytic species such as Trichoderma.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; soil nitrification ; soil ammonification ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of six triorganotin(IV) compounds and of Thiram on nitrification and ammonification in soil were investigated. Low concentrations of up to 50 μg g-1 of the triorganotin(IV) compounds enhanced nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) production in soil. Except for diphenylbutyltin bromide, which inhibited nitrification at 250 μg g-1, the other triorganotin(IV) compounds were inhibitory at concentrations of 100 μg g-1 to less than 250 μg g-1. At 10 μg g-1, only triphenyltin acetate was less inhibitory towards nitrification compared with Thiram. At 250 μg g-1, Thiram exerted a strongly persistent inhibitory effect towards nitrification. The NO3--N level recorded 28 days after application was only 0.10 μg g-1 soil. With the triorganotin compounds NO3--N levels of 7.05-12.06 μg g-1 soil were recorded 28 days following their application. The deleterious effects of the triorganotin(IV) compounds were less persistent and recovery of nitrification was evident seven days after application. Low concentrations of Thiram and triorganotin(IV) compounds inhibited ammonification, whereas higher concentrations enhanced ammonification. Complete inhibition of ammonification was attained 21-28 days after application of Thiram at 50 μg g-1. On the other hand, with the triorganotin(IV) compounds, except for diphenylbutyltin bromide at 10-50 μg g-1, ammonification persisted at all concentrations 28 days after application.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Triorganotin ; carboxylate ; crystal structure ; fungitoxicity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [nBu3Sn(N-phthaloylglycinate)(OH2)] compound has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure reveals the tin atom, in each of the two molecules comprising the asymmetric unit, to exist in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which the trigonal plane is defined by the three organic substituents and the axial sites are occupied by an oxygen atom derived from a monodentate carboxylate ligand and a coordinated water molecule. The [nBu3Sn(N-phthaloylglycinate)(OH2)] compound and three other triorganotin derivatives of N-phthaloyl-protected amino acids display marked toxicity against several economically important plant pathogenic fungi.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 451-457 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Triorganotin compounds ; triphenyltin chloride·triphenylphosphine oxide ; diphenylbutyltin bromide ; persistence ; fungitoxicity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The persistence of triphenyltin chloride-triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO) and diphenylbutyltin bromide (Ph2BuSnBr) in unsterilized sandy loam soil maintained in the dark at 60% of its water-holding capacity and at 27±2°C was studied over a period of 29 days. The percentage recovery of the compounds upon extraction with acetone immediately after application to soil was 60% for Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO and 9.8% for Ph2BuSnBr. The half-lives of the compounds were 15 days for Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO and 14.2 days for Ph2BuSnBr. After 29 days following application of the compounds in soil 〈 8.3 μg g-1 of Ph3SnCl·Ph3PO and 〈 5.1 μg g-1 of Ph2BuSnBr remained in soil compared with the starting concentration of 50 μg of each compound per gram soil. The two triorganotin compounds were evidently easily degraded and the compounds may be applied every 2-3 weeks in the field at a rate of at least 0.005-0.01 kg ha-1.
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