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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 53 (1992), S. 323-338 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Random search ; Monte Carlo optimization ; global optimization ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Pure adaptive seach iteratively constructs a sequence of interior points uniformly distributed within the corresponding sequence of nested improving regions of the feasible space. That is, at any iteration, the next point in the sequence is uniformly distributed over the region of feasible space containing all points that are strictly superior in value to the previous points in the sequence. The complexity of this algorithm is measured by the expected number of iterations required to achieve a given accuracy of solution. We show that for global mathematical programs satisfying the Lipschitz condition, its complexity increases at mostlinearly in the dimension of the problem.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 43 (1989), S. 317-328 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Random search ; Monte Carlo optimization ; convex programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Pure adaptive search constructs a sequence of points uniformly distributed within a corresponding sequence of nested regions of the feasible space. At any stage, the next point in the sequence is chosen uniformly distributed over the region of feasible space containing all points that are equal or superior in value to the previous points in the sequence. We show that for convex programs the number of iterations required to achieve a given accuracy of solution increases at most linearly in the dimension of the problem. This compares to exponential growth in iterations required for pure random search.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 63 (1980), S. 2302-2311 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper deals with the problem of defining, and measuring, the pH inside the water pool (which we define as pHwp) of reverse micelles, i.e. micelles formed by surfactants dissolved in apolar solvents in the presence of minimal amounts of water. The conceptual and experimental difficulties are discussed, and it is argued that no absolute determination of pHwp is possible, mostly because water in the water pools of reverse micelles is a new solvent, for which no standardization of acidity is available. The problem can be approached only on the basis of an empirical acidity scale.An empirical acidity scale for water pools in reverse micelles of bis (2-ethyl-hexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane has been defined by measuring the 31P-chemical shifts of phosphate buffers. The chemical shifts in bulk water were compared to those found in reverse micelles under the assumption that the pK of phosphate ion is the same in the two systems. It was found that in most cases there was little difference (less than 0.4 pH units) between pHwp and the pH of the starting buffer in bulk water (which we define as pHst). However, this difference between pHwp and pHst may become much larger in certain cases.The difference (pHwp-pHst) is measured under a variety of conditions, and this permits the determination of an operational acidity in the micelle water pools as a function of the pHst with which the aqueous micelles are prepared. The significance of such data for interpreting the behaviour of enzymes confined in the micelles water pool is discussed. Based on the pHwp scale, the apparent pKa of phenol-red and 4-nitrophenol were determined in reverse micelles containing different buffers and different water content. The pKa values obtained were rather sensitive to changes of both these factors, which was taken to signify that organic dies have only a very limited applicability to measure the acidity of the water pools of reverse micelles.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2365-2373 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Gelbildung bei Reaktionen von Triolen mit Dicarbonsäuredichloriden für verschiedene Verdünnungsgrade untersucht. Die Reaktionen wurden zwischen Adipolydichlorid bzw. Sebacoyldichlorid und Triolen von verschiedenen Molekulargewichten durchgeführt. Die Reaktionspaare wurden so ausgewählt, daß die Reaktionssysteme durch eine Skala von v-Werten gekennzeichnet waren, wobei v gleich der Zahl der Bindungen in der kleinstmöglichen Ringstruktur ist. In allen Fällen fand die Gelbildung bei Reaktionsumsätzen statt, die höher waren als von der Theorie von Flory-Stockmayer vorausgesagt wird. Das Ausmaß dieser Erhöhung wurde größer bei Verdünnung, und kleiner bei größeren v-Werten.Die Resultate werden mit einer Kombination der Gelbildungstheorien von Frisch und Kilb interpretiert, in der λ, der intramolekulare Verzweigungsparameter von Frisch, gegeben ist durch die Gleichung λ = konst. v-3/2 {(OH)0+(COCl)0}-1.
    Notes: Gelation in reactions of triols with dicarboxylic acid dichlorides was studied at various dilutions. Adipoyl dichloride and sebacoyl dichloride were reacted with three triols of different molecular weights. The pairs of reactants were chosen so that the reaction systems were characterised by a range of values of v, the number of bonds in the smallest ring structure which could form. In all cases gelation occurred at extents of reaction in excess of those predicted by the Flory-Stockmayer theory. The excess reaction increased with dilution, and decreased with increase in v.The results are interpreted in terms of a combination of Frisch's and Kilb's theories of gelation, in which λ, the intramolecular branching parameter of Frisch, is given by the equation λ = const. v-3/2{(OH)0+(COCl)0}-1.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of global optimization 3 (1993), S. 171-192 
    ISSN: 1573-2916
    Keywords: Random search ; Monte Carlo optimization ; algorithm complexity ; global optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Improving Hit-and-Run is a random search algorithm for global optimization that at each iteration generates a candidate point for improvement that is uniformly distributed along a randomly chosen direction within the feasible region. The candidate point is accepted as the next iterate if it offers an improvement over the current iterate. We show that for positive definite quadratic programs, the expected number of function evaluations needed to arbitrarily well approximate the optimal solution is at most O(n5/2) wheren is the dimension of the problem. Improving Hit-and-Run when applied to global optimization problems can therefore be expected to converge polynomially fast as it approaches the global optimum.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 785-814 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The metabolic fate of drugs and other xenobiotics in mammalian organisms represents an area of intense contemporary interest. Traditionally, it is a difficult area of research becausethe biological systems which are used to study biotransformations are capable of yielding only minute quantities of metabolites. Recent developments in comparative biochemistry have made itpossible to link diverse metabolic systems through similarities in the pathways by which they alter foreign organic compounds. The potential thus exists for utilizing microbial metabolic systems to study and possibly predict the metabolic fate of a drug or other foreign compound in mammals. The ease with which microbial systems may be used to obtain large amounts of metabolites is an obvious Advantage.We havhe attemped to review the ways in which mammalian and microbialorganisms metabolize a variety of organic compounds. Attention has been focused on the similarities and differences in the mechanisms by which these living systems metabolize xenobiotics. Particular emphasis has been given to four types of reactions which are important in drug biotransformations: aromatic hydroxylationl; N- and O-dealkylations; and sulfur oxygenations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A framework is developed which provides predictions of multicomponent ion exchange equilibria from binary data.Experimental data are reported for the ion exchange equilibria of the binary systems SO42--Cl-, SO42--NO3-, and Cl--NO3- on a strong base anion exchange resin. These systems exhibit nonideal characteristics in both phases, and the experimental characterization has been based on the reaction equilibrium constants and correlations for the activity coefficients in both phases. The exchanger phase activity coefficients are obtained from the well known Wilson (1964) modelThe predictions of the ternary system SO42--NO3--Cl- based solely on the binary data are consistent with the experimental data for this system.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The blood levels of bupivacaine administered epidurally during labour have been determined in mother, fetus and the newborn infant by quantitative single ion monitoring, following gas chromatographic separation. Concentrations were determined from the height of the peak obtained at m/e 140 derived from bupivacaine compared with that at m/e 154 derived from the internal standard, 1-n-pentyl-2-(2′,6′-xylylcarbamoyl)piperidine. Results from six mothers and their infants showed that the drug passed rapidly from the maternal circulation to the infant. The plasma half-life of the drug in the newborn infant was 18 h compared with 1.25 h for the adult.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3713-3726 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to determine the cure rate of an epoxy resin consisting of Tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Cure rates at 120 and 160°C are shown to increase noticeably when 1% BF3-MEA is added to either TGDDM to TGDDM plus DDS. Fluoroboric acid is shown to increase the cure rates even more than the BF3-MEA. These Results combined with the NMR results in the accompanying article indicate that BF3-MEA is not a catalyst for epoxy resin cure. Instead it is rapidly hydrolyzed to fluoroboric acid which acts as the catalyst.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3697-3711 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fluorine-19 NMR is used to examine the role of boron trifluoride monoethylamine (BF3-MEA) in epoxy resin cure. Spectra were first recorded in a variety of solvents suitable for dissolving different epoxy resins. All spectra contained a peak due to fluoroboric acid. Spectra of BF3-MEA in orthodichlorobenzene were then recorded at elevated temperatures. The floroboric acid peak area increased, indicating that the BF3-MEA was being hydrolyzed. Results indicate that, at temperatures above 100°C, BF3-MEA is completely hydrolyzed within 5 min to fluoroboric acid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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