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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: adventitious organ formation ; in vitro culture ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; mannitol ; sodium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possible use of in vitro shoot morphogenesis and shoot apex culture to evaluate salt tolerance in cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) has been analyzed, using two cultivars with similar salt tolerance, Pera and Hellfrucht frühstamm (HF). The effect of salt on shoot regeneration was studied by culturing leaf explants on media supplemented with 0, 43, 86, 129 and 172 mM NaCl. The presence of NaCl in the regeneration media at 86 mM strongly inhibited shoot regeneration in the cultivar HF, but not in Pera. However, the substitution of NaCl by mannitol, maintaining the same water potential in the culture media, decreased the regeneration percentage in Pera but did not affect HF. Shoot apices of both cultivars were also subcultured at 6-week intervals, for 4 subcultures, at the same NaCl concentrations as used in the previous experiment, and the shoot growth, leaf and root number, rooted shoot and shoot necrosis were recorded at the end of each subculture. Root formation was the parameter most affected by salt in both cultivars, Pera being more sensitive than HF. The substitution of NaCl by mannitol significantly increased the percentage of rooted shoots in Pera after four subcultures, and slightly decreased this percentage in HF. Shoot necrosis was only observed in the last subculture at NaCl higher than 86 mM, the percentage of necrotic shoots being higher in Pera than in HF (75% and 45%, respectively). The lack of agreement between the results obtained with the in vitro tests, e.g., adventitious shoot formation and growth of apical stem sections, suggests that this approach may not be a reliable tool to evaluate salt tolerance in cultivated tomato.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 347 (1994), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Peroxidase ; Small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; Wounding
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Lignin ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; salt-stress ; peroxidase isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The medium of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells adapted to grow in the presence of 15 g l−1 NaCl had a higher peroxidase activity than the medium of an unadapted tomato cell line. When the adapted cells were cultured in a medium without NaCl, the value found for peroxidase activity was intermediate. The increase in peroxidase activity was parallel to an increase of lignin-like compounds in the cell walls, as well as to an increased content or appearance of neutral and basic peroxidase isoenzymes. Apparently, the high values of peroxidase activity in the medium of the salt-adapted cells reflect the changed mechanical properties of the cell wall which, in turn, could be related to the salt adaptation process.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 565-568 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; GC-MS ; Corn stalk and poplar wood lignins ; Ozone ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood lignin was converted into monomeric aromatic compounds and short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids. The main reaction products were separated and identified using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an HP-5 column. The compounds were considered as positively identified when their mass spectra and GC retention times agreed with those of authentic standard samples. The quantitative estimation of the identified reaction products was accomplished on an OV-101 capillary column by gas chromatography-FID using the internal standard method. Among the aromatic compounds, aldehydes (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde), acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, and syringic), and one phenol (hydroquinone) were determined. In addition, the aliphatic carboxylic acids: glycolic, oxalic, malonic, glyoxylic, butanedioic, glyceric, and malic acid were identified. All the calibration curves of the quantified compounds approximated to a straight line. For both corn stalk and poplar wood lignins, the major components were the aromatic aldehydes (71 and 64% of the characterized fraction, respectively), followed by the aliphatic carboxylic acids (20 and 21% of the characterized fraction, respectively).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 570-571 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: 2,3-Butandiol ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; Stärke ; Melasse ; fermentative Herstellung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Calixarene ; Moleküldynamiksimulationen ; Molekulare Erkennung ; Phospholipide ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 142 (1971), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 127 (1969), S. 253-263 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: p-Vinyl-trans-stilbene was obtained by GRIGNARD reaction from p-chlorostyrene and phenyl acetaldehyde. It was radically polymerized and copolymerized with styrene in benzene solution at 60°C. The polymerization takes place only via the vinyl group; the linear polymers formed contain C°C double bonds in the side chains. From IR-spectroscopic analysis of the copolymers the following reactivity ratios result: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm r}_{\rm 1} = 5,5 \pm 0,5{\rm }(p - {\rm Vinyl} - {\rm trans} - {\rm stilben}){\rm und r}_{\rm 2} = 0,36 \pm 0,02{\rm }({\rm Styrene})$\end{document}Copolymers of p-vinyl-trans-stilbene and styrene give deeply coloured solutions of the corresponding polyradicalanions and polydianions by reaction with sodium in tetrahydrofuran. The macromolecular radicalanions and dianions of the cited copolymers initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and styrene essentially by electron transfer and without grafting; when styrene is used, “living” polymers are formed.
    Notes: p-Vinyl-trans-stilben wurde durch GRIGNARD-Synthese aus p-Chlorstyrol und Phenylacetaldehyd erhalten. Es wurde radikalisch in benzolischer Lösung bei 60°C polymerisiert und mit Styrol copolymerisiert. Die Polymerisation verläuft nur über die Vinylgruppe; dabei entstehen lineare Polymere, die C°C-Doppelbindungen in der Seitenkette enthalten. Durch infrarotspektroskopische Analyse der Copolymeren ergeben sich folgende Parameter: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm r}_{\rm 1} = 5,5 \pm 0,5{\rm }(p - {\rm Vinyl} - {\rm trans} - {\rm stilben}){\rm und r}_{\rm 2} = 0,36 \pm 0,02{\rm }({\rm Styrol})$\end{document}Die Copolymeren aus p-Vinyl-trans-stilben und Styrol bilden mit Natrium in Tetrahydrofuran tief gefärbte Lösungen der entsprechenden Polyradikalanionen und Polydianionen. Die makromolekularen Radikalanionen und Dianionen der genannten Copolymeren starten die Polymerisation von Acrylnitril, Methylmethacrylat und Styrol im wesentlichen durch Elektronenübertragung und nicht unter Pfropfung; mit Styrol entstehen dabei „lebende“ Polymere.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Mixed chromium zinc nicotinates ; preparation ; x-ray diffraction ; Jahn-Teller distortion ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Feste Lösungen einer Jahn-Teller-Verbindung in einem ungestörten Wirt. 2. High-Spin, sechsfach koordiniertes Cr2+ ohne Jahn-Teller-EffektEine Reihe von festen Lösungen der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung [CrxZn1-x(nic)2(H2O)4] (mit nic = C6H4NO2-, konjugierte Base von Nikotinsäure) wurden als Einkristalle dargestellt und röntgenkristallographisch charakterisiert. Der reine Chrom-Komplex (x = 1) kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 mit einem Zellvolumen (V) von 360,5(2) Å3. Die Verbindung zeigt eine Jahn-Teller-Verzerrung. Der reine Zink-Komplex (x = 0) zeigt keinen Jahn-Teller-Effekt und kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe C2/m mit V = 728,0(1) Å3. Acht feste Lösungen mit dem Chrom-Molenbruch von 0,145(12) bis 0,777(12) haben die ungestörte Struktur des Zinknikotinats (Raumgruppe C2/m). Die Zellvolumina variieren nur zwischen 731,1(4) Å3 und 740,6(3) Å3 (bei 20°C), jeweils für den niedrigsten und höchsten Molenbruch. Die Besetzung der Metallatomlagen wurde für jede Probe mit Hilfe von Röntgendaten bestimmt. Es wird über die Homogenität in der Kristallprobe und die Signifikanz der bei der Verfeinerung ermittelten Besetzungen diskutiert. Eine nichtstrenge geometrische Konkordanz besteht zwischen triklinen und monoklinen Endgliedern. Das ausgedehnte Netzwerk von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen im Gitter der „Zink-Verbindung“ verleiht dem Mischsystem, in dem das high-spin d4-Chromzentrum ohne Jahn-Teller-Verzerrung existiert, Stabilität.
    Notes: A series of solid solutions of the type [CrxZn1-x(nic)2(H2O)4], in which nic represents C6H4NO2-, the conjugate base of nicotinic acid, have been prepared as single crystals and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The pure chromium end member is triclinic, space group P1, with a cell volume V of 360.5(2) Å3. The compound has a Jahn-Teller distortion. The pure zinc end member, which has no Jahn-Teller distortion, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/m, with V = 728.0(1) Å3. Eight solid solutions with chromium mole fractions in the range of 0.145(12) to 0.777(12) all adopt the structure of the undistorted zinc nicotinate host, with space group C2/m and V ranging only from 731.1(4) Å3 to 740.6(3) Å3 (at 20°C) for the lowest and highest Cr mole fractions, respectively. The population at the metal-atom site was established for each sample by X-ray diffraction. The questions of homogeneity in the crystalline samples and of the significance of the population refinement are discussed. A non-rigorous geometrical concordance exists between the triclinic and monoclinic end members. An extensive hydrogen bonding network in the zinc-type lattice confers stability on the mixed systems, in which high-spin, d4 chromium centers exist without Jahn-Teller distortion.
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