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  • Chemistry  (2,097)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (219)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: para-xylylenes ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethanes ; conducting polymers ; poly(arylene vinylene)s ; poly(phenylene vinylene)s ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: para-Xylylenes are generated by treatment of various 1,4-bis(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene dihalides with base in water, methanol, and aqueous acetonitrile, as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This procedure allows the monitoring of the transient xylylene monomers that yield polyelectrolyte precursor polymers for poly(arylene vinylene)s, formed by variations of the chemistry developed originally by Wessling and co-workers. Alkoxy, alkyl, and halogen ring substituents on the sulfonium salt precursors do not greatly affect the ability to generate and observe the growth and decay of steady-state concentrations of the para-xylylene intermediates. Use of strong resonance-acceptor substituents - such as cyano or nitro - on the ring reduces production of a strong para-xylylene absorption, possibly due to reluctance of the ylides initially formed from the bis-sulfonium salts to eliminate to the xylylenes. By variation of UV-Vis conditions, it was found that use of 20% aqueous acetonitrile rather than water allowed formation of low to modest molecular weight polyelectrolytes in cyano-substituted cases (Mw = 8000-37,000). Use of UV-Vis test experiments should be useful for screening of bis sulfonium salt precursors that may be expected to give high molecular weight polyelectrolytes - in cases where para-xylylene formation is easy - as well as for finding reaction conditions that will optimize polymer formation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2223-2231 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene) ; poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) ; poly(para-phenylene vinylene) ; para-xylylene ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethane ; radical polymerization ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weights were studied by gel permeation chromatography of derivatized poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride produced by aqueous or methanolic base-induced polymerization of 1,4-bis(tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzene dichloride, both with and without a variety of added polymerization inhibiting agents. Efficient radical scavenging agents such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl and hydrogen atom donor 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylaniline reduced the degree of polymerization of the reactive α-(tetrahydrothiophenium chloride)-para-xylylene intermediate produced in this chemistry, and in some cases completely suppressed formation of high polymer. These two traps did not affect the equilibrium production of the para-xylylene by UV-Vis spectral analysis; hence they must affect the subsequent polymerization chain propagation steps in the mechanism. Electron spin resonance studies of polymerization in the presence of 0.00025 equiv of TEMPO showed disappearance of the spin label, a result consistent with a radical scavenging process. The results suggest that production of high molecular weight poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride proceeds through a radical chain propagation sequence. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8 (1994), S. 632-636 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the major spectroscopic tools used by synthetic organic chemists to monitor the steps of their syntheses. Rapid confirmation of the structure at each synthetic step is vital for efficient progress to the desired product. In many laboratories automated open-access NMR is routine. This often leaves mass spectrometry as a rate-limiting step in structure confirmation. The key information the chemist needs from a mass spectrum is the relative molecular mass (RMM). We have therefore developed an automated, open-access thermospray mass spectrometry service, in which a chemist logs a sample into a queue on the mass spectrometer, and a short time later takes the mass spectrum away. The whole process occurs without any intervention by a mass spectrometrist. This has made mass spectra available as rapidly as NMR spectra, so that chemists can obtain the data they need to confirm synthetic structures within less than two hours.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11 (1988), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Air analysis ; Airborne halocarbons ; Chlorocarbons ; Electron capture detector ; Forest decline ; Halocarbons ; Thermodesorption ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The atmospheric levels of C1- and C2-halocarbons are determined by trapping on an adsorbent, thermodesorption, cryofocussing, gas chromatographic separation on a thick-film capillary, and electron-capture detection. The various aspects relevant to reliability and accuracy are discussed, such as type of adsorbent, range of detector response, and levels of contaminants present in blanks. These in turn have implications for optimum sample size and amount of adsorbent. The adopted method is suitable for routine analysis of airborne halocarbons at variable locations. The air concentrations of C1- and C2-halocarbons on the ground of mountain forests are similar to those in cities, a fact which supports the hypothesis that chlorocarbons are involved in the initiation of a phytotoxicological phenomenon commonly referred to as “forest decline”.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Lanthanides ; Polydentate ligands ; Luminescence spectroscopy ; Near-infrared luminescence ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A series of m-terphenyl-based ligands bearing three coordinating oxyacetate and two amido or two sulfonamido groups, (1a-b)H3 and (2)H3, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized. The structures of the corresponding neutral complexes have been studied using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and luminescence experiments. The photophysical properties of the (1a-b)Eu, (2)Eu, (1a)Tb, and (2)Tb complexes have been studied to determine the structure of the first coordination sphere in methanol. The first coordination sphere consists of eight donor atoms provided by the ligand (three chelating oxyacetate groups and two amide or sulfonamide oxygens), and one methanol molecule. The (1a)Dy and (1a)Sm complexes exhibited sensitized luminescence in the visible spectral region, but the luminescence intensity was very sensitive to quenching by C-H groups. The near-infrared emitting (1a)Ln and (2)Ln complexes exhibited sensitized luminescence at wavelengths (at 880, 1060, and 1330 nm for Nd3+, at 980 nm for Yb3+, and at 1550 nm for Er3+) of interest for applications in optical telecommunication devices. The luminescence lifetimes of these complexes in DMSO and [D6]DMSO are in the range of microseconds. The luminescent state of the NIR emitting lanthanide ions is very efficiently quenched by high frequency oscillators (such as C-H groups) in the solvent and the ligand.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99457_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sterically Hindered Olefins, V. Synthesis and X-Ray Structure Analysis of trans-1-Ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-adamantylidene)-adamantane, a Highly Hindered Ethylene. Comparison with Force-Field CalculationsSynthesis of trans-1-ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-adamantylidene)adamantane (2) starting from 1-ethyl-2-adamantanone (1) is described. The structure of 2 was determined by X-ray structure analysis (2(C2) symmetry). Steric hindrance results in a torsion and an out-of-plane deformation of the CC double bond, and also is evident by characteristic elongations of bond lengths and by bond angle deformations. The CC double bond, e.g., is elongated to 1.358 Å, the vinylic bonds with a quaternary carbon atom are elongated to 1.563 Å. The strongest bond angle deformation occurs at the substituted sp3-hybridized C-atoms in the allylic positions increasing one angle to 122.1°. The geometry of 2 is compared with the parent compound adamantylideneadamantane (3). Calculations using Allinger's force-field show for 2 and 3 a sufficient agreement with the experimentally determined structure parameters and an increased strain energy by 28.1 kcal mol--1. The force-field calculations have been extended to the analogous adamantylideneadamantanes 4 - 7.
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese von trans-1-Ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-adamantyliden)adamantan (2) aus 1-Ethyl-2-adamantanon (1) beschrieben. Die Struktur von 2 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt (2(C2)-Symmetrie). Die starke sterische Spannung in 2 äußert sich in einer Torsion um die C = C-Doppelbindung bei einer gleichzeitigen pyramidalen Verzerrung der Konfiguration ihrer C-Atome, sowie in charakteristischen Bindungsaufweitungen und Winkeldeformationen. Die C = C-Doppelbindung verlängert z.B. auf 1.358 Å; die vinylständigen C — C-Einfachbindungen mit einem quartären Kohlenstoff verlängern auf 1.563 Å. Die stärkste Winkeldeformation erfolgt an den substituierten, allylständigen sp3-hybridisierten C-Atomen (Vergrößerung eines Winkels auf 122.1°). Die Geometrie von 2 wird mit dem weniger gespannten, unsubstituierten Adamantylidenadamantan (3) verglichen. Kraftfeld-Rechnungen nach Allinger für 2 und 3 ergeben eine hinreichend gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell ermittelten Strukturparametern und eine um 28.1 kcal/mol höhere Spannungsenergie für 2. Die Kraftfeld-Rechnungen wurden auf analoge Adamantylidenadamantan-Derivate (4 - 7) ausgedehnt.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 333 (1991), S. 501-503 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acidity and Thermodynamical Metal Complex Stability Constants of Arylsulfonylthioureas.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New liquid-crystalline polyesters 1 with 4-(phenylazo)azobenzene moities as mesogenic side groups and a polyester backbone structure characterized by a systematic variation of the length of the flexible non-mesogenic main-chain segments were synthesized. The polyesters were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, miscibility studies and X-ray diffraction. With increasing number of methylene groups in the backbone spacer, the thermal stability of the nematic and/or smectic phases first decreases and then increases.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Oxygen trapping ; Radical recombination barrier ; Radical stabilization energy ; Tropenyl-oxygen equilibrium ; Supercritical fluid reactions ; Alkylperoxy bond strengths ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxygen Trapping of Radicals in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide; Heat of Formation and Recombination Barrier of the Cycloheptatrienyl RadicalThe homolytic thermal cleavage of bitropenyl (1) in supercritical carbon dioxide has been measured in the presence of 1 to 180 bar oxygen between 120 and 170°C. From these data the activation parameters of the dissociation and recombination reaction are derived, which lead to a heat of formation for the tropenyl radical (2) of ΔHfo = 64.7 kcal · mol-1. By using this value a radical stabilization energy (RSE) or 31.5 kcal · mol-1 is obtained, which differs by 1.7 kcal · mol-1 from the planar, acyclic isomer (trans,trans-1,3,6-trien-5-yl: RSE = 29.8 kcal · mol-1), which is practically equivalent to the relief of ring strain due to the formation of the radical. In agreement with the observed stability of 2 the equilibrium constant for its reaction with oxygen at 143°C is Keq = 727.7 mol-1, which corresponds to a bond strengths of 31.5 kcal · mol-1 for R-O2·. The equipment and the method used for these experiments are described in detail.
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