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  • Articles  (105)
  • Chemistry  (52)
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  • Articles  (105)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes, XXXVIII. Arylalkoxy-, Aryldialkylamino- and Dialkylaminoalkoxycarbenes als Ligands in Complexes of the Type Fe(CO)4Lu. v. Irradiation of cyclopentadienylmetalcarbonylnitrosyl carbene complexes of the type C5H5Mo(CO)(NO)C(R)C6H5 (1a-c, R = OCH3, OC2H5, N(CH3)2) in the presence of Fe(CO)5 results in the formation of the carbene complexes (CO)4FeC(R)C6H5 by transference of „C(R)C6H5“ . By changing the procedure which had previously been used for the preparation of carbene complexes - we excluded water and used reaction temperatures between 0° and -60° - we have been able to prepare complexes of the type (CO)4FeC-(OC2H5)R (R = C6F5, C6Cl5, N(CH3)2, N(C2H5)2). The structures of the oily or crystalline, diamagnetic complexes are unambiguously determined from the elemental analysis, and the i. r., 1H n. m. r. and mass spectra. In the case of the complex (CO)4FeC(OC2H5)N(CH3)2 the free activation enthalpy of the rotation about the Ccarben-N- and Ccarben-O bonds is 21 and 5-7 kcal/mole, respectively.
    Notes: Cyclopentadienylmetallcarbonylnitrosyl-carbenkomplexe C5H5Mo(CO)(NO)C(R)C6H5 (1a-c, R = OCH3, OC2H5, N(CH3)2) reagieren mit Fe(CO)5 bei UV-Bestrahlung unter Übertragung von „C(R)C6H5“ zu den Carbenkomplexen (CO)4FeC(R)C6H5 (3a-c). - Durch Abänderung des bisher gebräuchlichen Syntheseverfahrens für acyclische Übergangsmetallcarbonyl-Carbenkomplexe - Ausschluß von Wasser und Reaktionstemperaturen zwischen 0° und -60° - gelang es, auch auf diese Weise Verbindungen des Typs (CO)4FeC(OC2H5)R (7d-g, R = C6F5, C6Cl5, N(CH3)2, N(C2H5)2) darzustellen. Die öligen bzw. kristallinen, diamagnetischen Komplexe sind durch IR-, 1H-NMR- und massenspektroskopische Untersuchungen sowie durch analytische Befunde eindeutig gesichert. Bei dem Komplex (CO)4FeC(OC2H5)N(CH3)2 wurde die Freie Aktivierungsenthalpie der Rotation um die CCarben-N- und CCarben-O-Bindung mit 21 bzw. 5-7 kcal/Mol bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Fourier analysis of numerical accuracy has traditionally concentrated on the propagation behaviour of various methods. When systems of equations in more than one unknown are involved, analysis of propagation accuracy alone is shown to be incomplete. A distribution factor is introduced to complement the Fourier analysis in these cases, and application of the concept to two problems commonly encountered in the water resources field is demonstrated. The distribution factor is shown to provide important information which cannot be obtained from the customary analysis of propagation accuracy.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A number of transport problems are complicated by the presence of physically important transition zones where quantities exhibit steep gradients and special numerical care is required. When the location of such a transition zone changes as the solution evolves through time, use of a deforming numerical mesh is appropriate in order to preserve the proper numerical features both within the transition zone and at its boundaries.A general finite element solution method is described wherein the elements are allowed to deform continuously, and the effects of this deformation are accounted for exactly. The method is based on the Galerkin approximation in space, and uses finite difference approximations for the time derivatives. In the absence of element deformation, the method reduces to the conventional Galerkin formulation.The method is applied to the two-phase Stefan problem associated with the melting and solidification of A substance. The interface between the solid and liquid phase form an internal moving boundary, and latent heat effects are accounted for in the associated boundary condition. By allowing continuous mesh deformation, as dictated by this boundary condition, the moving boundary always lies on element boundaries. This circumvents the difficulties inherent in interpolation of parameters and dependent variables across regions where those quantities change abruptly.Basis functions based on Hermite polynomials are used, to allow exact specification of the flux-latent heat balance condition at the phase boundary. Analytic solutions for special cases provide tests of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 25 (1988), S. 415-444 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional finite element simulations of solidification for quiescent undercooled pure metals are presented. The full non-linear, transient heat equation is used with phase front tracking which is subject to local curvature and interfacial kinetics. During early stages of the waveform instability the simulated solutions match the linear stability analysis with fidelity. Beyond the valid range of that analysis the numerical solution continues to demonstrate the physically observed exponential growth behaviour and characteristic spacing between fingers. Whereas the simulations show the sensitivity of dendritic growth to initial conditions, as expected for an unstable process, the overall pattern formation preserves the characteristic spacing. The simulations are terminated after the onset of bifurcation. Thereafter, the numerical model is inappropriate for physical comparison owing to the planar, two-dimensional limitation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A moving finite element method that calculates the transient temperature distribution, the density distribution and the stress distribution during the sintering cycle has been developed. Coupled two-dimensional axisymmetric energy, continuity and stress equilibrium equations along with a constraint, specifying the direction of the initial material velocity, are solved in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The nodes move at the same speed as the material and therefore the convective terms in the differential equations drop out. At every time step, the energy equation is solved, and the computed temperatures are then used to find the densification rate. In two-dimensional problems, the continuity equation is not sufficient to calculate the two components of material velocity. Here, it is assumed that the diffusion caused by the density gradient is the driving force. This implies that the velocity vector of the material is perpendicular to the lines of constant density. Therefore, the combination of the diffusion and continuity equations will generate the initial sintering strains. The elastic stress equilibrium equations are then solved using the thermal and initial sintering strains as the driving forces. As a result, the final shape of the material and the stresses are determined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1915-1937 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element and boundary element methods are described for predicting high-frequency electromagnetic heating of tissue as a cancer therapy. For the class of clinical problems of interest, the patient is electrically inhomogeneous and best discretized by finite elements, but the unbounded nature of practical source configurations calls for a boundary element approach. A hybrid is introduced which couples the two methods and is superior in algebraic requirements to either method alone. The formulation is three-dimensional and allows exact satisfaction of the electromagnetic jump conditions at interfaces separating distinct tissue types. Test cases show its validity for transverse magnetic and electric situations with known solutions. Examples of clinical applications are shown.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 349-350 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 1394-1396 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 169-183 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: liposomes ; biotin ; aggregation kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aggregation of biotinylated phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) cross-linked by antibiotin IgG was studied experimentally and theoretically. The liposomes were either low density liposomes that contained 0.4 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈100 exposed biotin molecules per liposome), or high density liposomes that contained 2.7 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈1000 exposed biotin molecules per liposome). The solution turbidity and mean particle size measured by quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) were monitored throughout the aggregation. Three different lots of antibiotin antibodies, each with different association constants and binding heterogeneities, were used. The antibody binding characteristics affected the aggregation rates. The aggregation kinetics were analyzed using a model based on the Smoluchowski theory of aggregation, fractal concepts of aggregate microstructure, and Rayleigh and Mie light scattering theory. The experimental conditions of liposome concentration, protein concentration, and ligand density under which aggregation occurred correlated well with calculated sticking probabilities based on isotherms describing the adsorption of antibiotin antibody to the liposomes. These results are compared with prior observations made when avidin was used as the cross-linking protein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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