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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 2045-2054 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In spite of the increasing commercial use of zeolites for binary and multicomponent ion exchange, understanding of the basic mass-transfer processes associated with multicomponent zeolite systems is quite limited. This study evaluates Na-Ca-Mg-Cs-Sr ion exchange from an aqueous solution using a chabazite zeolite. Mass-transfer coefficients are determined from experimental batch-reactor data for binary and multicomponent systems. The experimental data indicate that diffusion through the microporous zeolite crystals is the primary diffusional resistance. Macropore diffusion also significantly contributes to the mass-transfer resistance. Various mass-transfer models are compared with the experimental data to determine values for intraparticle diffusivities. Effective diffusivities obtained accurately predict experimental data using a variety of models. Only the model accounting for micropore and macropore diffusion occurring in series accurately predict multicomponent data using diffusivities from the binary system. Liquid and surface diffusion both contribute to macropore diffusion. Surface and micropore diffusivities are concentration-dependent for the system of interest.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 1583-1588 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the imaging characteristics of an excimer laser stepper as a function of laser wavelength. Focus, magnification, distortion, CD process window, and laser performance were all examined, and an operating wavelength was selected. The self-metrology capabilities of both the laser and stepper were tested to insure that the system would set itself to the correct wavelength upon initialization, and maintain that setting during volume production activity. The use of an on-line stepper image sensor to evaluate the quality of the aerial image, coupled with the built-in wavelength tracking system as part of the laser optics, was found to provide the required closed loop system for wavelength and focus control. Based on these experiments, we have determined that a quick aerial image check before each production lot should suffice to insure focus control of better than 0.25 microns and magnification errors less than 15 nm during the entire time required to expose the lot.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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